Baca PDF (OCR): The Stone Age of Indonesia

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Fig. 1'3. Meso\ithic cultures.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 69

In Sumatra the distribution of the Hoabinhian is confined to the coastal region facing the Malay Peninsuia, where it is represented by extensive middens (East Coast Sumatra and Langsar) and large surface stations (Atcheh and North Coast Sumatra). The principal tooI type forming 90 % of the industry is an elongate oval unifacial pebble known as the 'Sumatralith' to previous investigators. (Pl. 20, 21). Unifacial pebble-tools of many different types are known from the Hoabinhian collections in Malaya and Indo-China 81 but it seems likely that the 'Sumatralith' is an Indonesian development, and it is certain that no industries from the Peninsuia or Asian sites show a dominant percentage of unifacial tools like those found on the coastal sites of Sumatra. fels in shell heaps in the same province show definite traces of burial; the parts -a face part and a mandible -were weil covered with ruddle. The mandible in question was studied by Mijsberg who points out that it resembles in every detail the lower jaw of recent Palae-Melanesians. 81 Tweedie; '53, 10-18. "The Hoabinhian is the only one of the Mesolithic cultures that is extensively developed in Malaya. The associated fauna is of recent date since all the species are members of the existing fauna. Occasio- nally flexed burials are discovered (Gol Ba'it, Sungei SiEt, and Gua Ker- bau)".- Tweedie; '55, 2-5. "From some time af ter 10.000 years ago until about 4.000 years ago, Malaya was inhabited by a race of men having physical characters suggesting affinity with the present day Melanesians. They lived in caves and rock-shelters and were hunters and food-gatherers, and possibly cannibals. They cooked their food at fires in the caves and sometimes buried their dead in the floors of their dwelling places. They made rather rough, but quite easily recognisable, stone tools by chipping a river pebble to produce a jagged cutting -or scraping -edge all around it; sometimes the end of the tooi was ground to make an edge. They collected iron oxide or Haematite, a soft red stone and ground it to a powder, probably to make a kind of red paint to simulate blood for ritual purposes". SneU; '49, 1-25. Snell studied two skulls from Gol Ba'it, Sungei Siput and found th at the skulls in question belong to the Melanesian racial group. Colani; '27, '30, 299-422. Starting excavations in 1906, E. Patte and H. Mansuy discovered the so-called Bacson-Hoabinhian Culture in 37 caves in the Bacson Massif, north of Tonkin. There were numerous 'Sumatraliths', crude scrapers and unworked pounding stones; furthermore pebbles with ground cutting-edges. These tools were named Proto-neoliths. All layers contained gravel stones, mostly of slate with two parallel grooves which served as grinding stones. South of Tonkin, separated by a delta, 120 kms. wide, lies the massif of Hoabinh where Madeleine Colani examined a great number of caves. The 'Sumatraliths' here were generaUy fashioned of oval or more or less flat pebbles. Semi-circular or ellipsoid stone axes with straight cut butt-ends were named 'short-axes'. Bifacial axes were mainly found in the middle layers of the cave deposits. Human skeletons belonged to three different races: Australoids, Palae-Melanesians and Mongoloids. The Palae-Melanesians are predominant.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
Sumatra.

The first Hoabinhian biface was found in 1924 by Neumann at Batu Kemang, Dcli and Scrdang District on the East Coast of Sumatra. Subsequent research showed th at the implement was not found in situ. This biface is made of weathered andesite and flaked from both faces giving it a characteristic wavy or zig-zag profile. 1t has a typical almond-shape, part of the point being brok en off, and measures 15~ cm. long and 7 cm. wide. (PI. 18). The attribution of this tooI to the Post-Glacial period was confirmed by the subsequent discovery of an identical tooI during the excavation of a kitchen midden at Medan, Sumatra.82

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Fig. 14.

Large shell mounds were reported near Seruwai, East Sumatra, on the lower course of the Tamiang River in 1917.83 These mounds were

R2 Van Stein Callenfels; '24, 127-33. 83 Yearbook 1917 of the Mining Department at Bandung.

STONE AGE OF lNDONESIA 71

30 me tres in diameter and 4 metres high. In the opinion of the disco- verers they had been formed by a plague raging among the shell fish. Witkamp R4 was later able to show that their presence was due to human activity. The distribution of these middens has since been found to extend along the North East Coast for approximately 130 kms. and all these sites are now about 10 to 15 kms. inlan~ (Fig. 14). These middens are believed to have been formed on an old strand line isolated inland by a subsequent isostatic emergence of the ground and some of these have been submerged more than a metre in the swamps formed behind the present beach. Excavations have been carried out by van Stein Callenfels near Medan, East Sumatra, and by Schürmann in Atcheh.85 The former excavated a site on the Saentis Estate northeast of Medan (PI. 19; 21). No report was published and the following information has been extracted from his field notebooks. s6 The shell mound contained 92 % MeTe- trix meretrix L. and 6.5 % of Ostrea shell according to this souree. A number of worked stone implements were recovered from a matrix of marine shells in situ. These were all unifacial Hoabinhian tools of the common Sumatran type, with the exception of one broken bifacial tooi of the type known as hache cour te (or short-axe) in Indo-China (PI. 20 nr. 922). Crude pestles and mortars of Hoabinhian type and a large quantity of Haematite were also found during the excavations. A further description of these middens can be obtained from the excavations of a shell mound at Bindjai-Tamiang, Atcheh by Schürmann. This site lies about 15 kms. inland and is 10 metres above the present sea-leveI. The upper portion of the midden has been removed for economic purposes and the excavation was confined to the eastern central portion of the remaining mound. The midden appears to have been excavated in spits of even size and the stratigraphy was recorded from top to bottom in the following manner:

30 cm. shells mainly Meretrix. 30 cm. Ash layers with Haematite, pebbles, artifacts and bones. 20 cm. Shells mainly Meretrix. 20 cm. Ash layer containing Haematite and bones. 20 cm. Shells mainly Meretrix.

d4 Witkamp; '20, 572-74. 815 Schürmann; '31, 905-23. 86 Also from an illustrated article in one of the numbers of the IIlustrated London News.

10 cm. Ash layer containing Haematite, pebbles, artifacts and bones. 60 cm. Sand, shelIs (Meretrix), pebbles, a few bones, wood. 50 cm. Greyish-blue to yellow marine day without shells. 100 cm. YeIIow day and sand without shells.

Schürmann records th at the Artifact hearing layers dipped 100east- wards. This shows that the ash layers were nearly horizontal, and probably represent true hearth deposits. The lowest layers of the shell mound were continued in a natural depression below sea-level. Oysters and AIgae adhered to the flaked surface of some tools showing that these had been submerged. Human skeletal material recovered from th is excavation incIuded a cranium, with occiput and temporal bones, fragments from three other skulls and about 30 fragments of limb bones and other bones. Several of the human limb bones had been split, evidently to re move the marrow, which suggests that cannibalism was practised by these groups of Hoa- binhians. The cranium has a slight browridge, and the human remains were interpreted as short of stature, dolichocephalic and belonging to a Melanesian racial group.87 The fauna from this site included:

1. Midden shelIs. Besides Meretrix meretrix L. there were Ostrea mr- ginica Gmelin, Placuna placenta Linné, Arca (Scapharca) granosa Linné, Cyraena cf. coazans Gmelin, Conus (Dendroconus) figulinus Linné.
2. Bivalve Molluscs and Gastropods showing possible marks of utili- zation.
3. Fishes, crabs and tortoises.
4. Vertebrates of recent type incIuding Elephant, Deer and Bear. The tools recovered from the excavation are manufactured from stone pebbles, presumed to be of local origin, including andesite, liparite, quartzite, quartz, chert and sandstone. Mühlhofer 88 divides these unifacial tools into three groups in order of importance:
5. Large broad unifacial tools; 12.5 x 8.5 cm. and 5 cm. thick.
6. Large narrow unifacial tools of similar length.
7. Small unifacial tools; 9.5 x 7.5 cm. and 4 cm. thick. Further surface finds in Sumatra may be briefly summarized: 87 Wastl; '39, 181-85. 88 Mühlhofer; '38, 30-34. Küpper; '30, 318-25.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 73

Heyting (1927) reports the discovery of crude stone axes of the unifacial 'Sumatralith' type in the Upper Serdang region. One of the implements, almond-shaped, measured 13 x 9.3 cm. and was 4.2 cm. thick.

H. Küpper describes a number of similar sites on the North Coast of Sumatra and the Langsar region of Atcheh, Lho' Seumaweh being the most prolific. The region where these sites were discovered is one geographical unit characterised by a range of barren limestone ridges covered in some parts by a thin layer of quartemary graveIs, which contain the raw materials used in the manufacture of the industry. Practically all the implements, and there are thousands of them, can be das- sified as 'Sumatraliths'. They are manufactured of pebbles, mostly of a fine-grained quartzite. Lebzelter has described the collection in some detai1.89 He finds th at the industry can be divided into oval, disc-shaped and elongated pick-like pebble toaIs, flakes from pebbles, and braad facetted flakes. The majority of the first das:> are unifaces of the Hoabinhian Sumatra type. Lebzelter has divided the industry into the following types:
1. Triangular, pointed monofacial toaIs. No marginal retouches. Measurements: 84 x 85 x 45 mm., 88 x 86 x 45 mm., 104 x 60 x 46 mmo
2. 'Asturiashauer'. Both point and butt-end retouched. The upper face slightly convex, the under surface unworked, and flat. These artifacts as weIl as the ones mentioned under 1. were used to strike the shells off the shell-banks and had therefore to be large and heavy. Measurements: 134 x 74 x 53 mm., 138 x 70 x 35 mm., 90 x 66 x 28 mmo
3. Disc-shaped scrapers made by crudely flaking the more or less round pebbles. The unflaked under surface is always slightly convex with marginal retouches. Measurements: 100 x 82 x 29 mm., 86 x 62 x 32 mm., 94 x 78 x 40 mmo
4. Flat disc-shaped scrapers, fashioned from flakes. The under surface slightly convex, the upper surface chipped. The edges are alterna- tively flaked.
5. Tabular scrapers; large, thin manufacts with one, sometimes both surfaces flaked. Measurements: 92 x 76 x 37 mm., 114 x 75 x 30 mm., 85 x 75 x 30 mmo
6. High-backed core-scrapers. The under surface has sometimes con- cavities or notches at the point. They are supposed to have been used for the straightening of spear and arrow shafts. Measurements: 70 x 60 x 40 mm., 80 x 47 x 27 mmo 81l Lebzelter; '35, 318-25.

On the upper surface shallow facet-flaking. Measurements:

134 x 60 x 50 mmo

8. Monofacial pebbles. They are of a great frequency and typical for this stone culture. There are small pieces among them. Mostly oval-shaped, their upper surface usually displays marginal retouches. Measurements: 63 x 43 x 12 mm., 66 x 37 x 18 mm., 90 x 53 x 27 mmo 9 Bifacial hand-axes, mostly large-sized, measuring 95 x 25 mm., 61 x 21 mmo or 72 x 26 mmo Both under and upper surface show longitudinal flaking.
9. An unique type of the bifacial axe showing traces of polishing.
10. Pick-like scrapers with flat under surface and steep retouched point. Measurements: 87 x 44 x 30 mm., 68 x 36 x 22 mmo From the above it wil! have become clear that on the East Coast of Sumatra once flourished a vigorous Mesolithic Pebble Culture, the remains of which have come to us from shel! mounds and open-air sites on the flat ridges of limestone hills. It is very striking, therefore, that this form of culture is so rare in other parts of the Archipelago, and that up till now there is no report of kitchen middens along the shores elsewhere. It is obvious th at there is only littleinformation concerning their distribution. (Fig. 14). The stone tools which have been collected by J. Bosseha during the excavation on a hill at Sakang, Western Borneo, were described by van Stein Callenfels as pebble-tools, but the examples the present au thor has examined in the Djakarta museum look more like unfinished neoliths. In Java this Pebble Culture is obviously secondary and in my opinion it is a late offshoot of the Hoabinhian which has penetrated the Sampung Bone Culture which will be described in the next paragraph. In the Gua Lawa this culture is represented by pestles and mortars; in the Betpuruh Cave near Prad jekan by pounding stones with gripmarks and rubbing stones; in the Sodong Cave by a few primitive 'short-axes' and smal! Sumatraliths, in the Mardjan Cave by a number of 'short-axes' and a single rectangular seraper. All these caves and roek-shelters are situated in East Java. These faint traees of the Hoabinhian in Java are always assoeiated with a bone industry, displaying bone spa- tulae of two kinds, awls and digging tools and daggers of ander, and besides red Haematite, human skeletal remains of a megalodont race with Papua-Melanesian and Veddoid affinities.90 90 See next §

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 75

P. V. van Stein Callenfels, in view of a Palae-Melanesian skull
which was found associated with the Hoabinhian in Eastern Sumatra and of reports from Malaya and Indo-China, even went so far as to speak of a "Melanesian Civilization" with regard to the Hoabinhian. ColIings,91 MacCarthy 92 and Evans,93 however, are definitely opposed to th is qualification which they consider as premature at the least. In some pi aces in Australia 'Sumatraliths' are still in use and reveal to us that, at least in this area, such tools are attached to a forked wood en haft, which makes it highly probable that they have been used in the very same way in other regions during prehistoric times. Therefore the term 'hand-axe' which is sometimes used, should be understood only in a technical sen se, viz. that of core-implement in view of the fact that in this case the core is the pebble. As regards their technical workmanship and variety of types, the tools of the Hoabinhian are relatively poor.

2. THE SAMPUNG BONE INDUSTRY.
   In January 1926, L. J. C. van Es, the geologist, visited the Southern Mountains near Ponorogo, East Java. On this occasion he was informed that employees of the sugar factory Patogan during WorId War I had obtained phosphates from the Lawa Cave near Sampung and in the course of this had encountered animal bones. As there was a chance th at they were fossil vertebrates, van Es sent an assistant to this cave with instructions to collect fresh material. The bones then obtained were forwarded to Bandung for examination. They had not become fossilized, but apparently belonged to animal species which still exist in Indonesia. Several bones, however, appeared to have been worked and artificiaIly polished. It was decided to perform a preliminary excavation in the northeastern part of the cave. The deposit was dug away to the rock-bottom and proved to consist of the following layers: immediately covering the bottom, a layer of brown sand, 4 m. thick, containing small pebbles of fIuvial origin; upon this a stratum of volcanic ash and sand, approximately 75 cm. thick; next a sediment, 4Y2 m. thick, consisting

Ol Collings; 38a, 122-23. 92 MacCarthy; 40a, 38. 93 Evans; '38, 141--46. Von Koenigswald; 52, 96-98. According to some scientists, large teeth are no racial characteristics, but the fact stands that Javanese caves yielded nearly exc1usive1y human remains with exceptionally large teeth, in contrast with the Celebes caves which produced human teeth of normal or small size. This phenomenon will strike anyone who has occupied himself with the excavation of caves both in Java and in Celebes.

probably been deposited in a pool or small lake which had afterwards become completely silted up. Only af ter this place the cave had been inhabited by men, who used it as a home and shelter. These men were no Indonesians as yet, as we will see presently. In some places the cultural layer was more than 3 m. thick, a phenomenon never seen before or since in Java. It yielded several cultural elements such as a few neolithic polished adzes, a large amount of implements manufactured of bone and antler, and a number of bifacial stone arrow-heads with concave-shaped butt-ends. There was no difference between the stratigraphy of the various elements.94 Van Es discovered a human skeleton in situ, lying on its left side, the legs bent, the head resting on the left shoulder and the right hand upon the face. From 1928 to 1931 systematic excavations were undertaken by van Stein CaIIenfels. The artifact-bearing deposits were more than 3 m. thick and offered a good opportunity to obtain a stratigraphical view of the various cuItural elements.95 Van Stein Callenfels stated that in the upper, youngest layers a few iron and bronze objects had been found with some Neolithic Quadrangular Adzes and some pestles and mortars. The next layer contained exclusively implements fashioned of bone and antIer, such as awls, daggers, fishing hooks and sticks for digging up edible yams and roots. Furthennore, there was quite a number of two kinds of spatulas, the first of the concave-convex type made of a long bone, split lengthwise and polished to a round cutting-edge. The second type is made of a flat oblong polished bone with a rounded cutting-edge, in fact the scraper used for c1eaning and scraping of tubers and roots (PI. 23; Fig. 15). The third layer yielded Neolithic, bifacial arrow-heads with concave but-ends; among these were a few very sm all pieces probably used for fowling. No potsherds occurred in the central stratum, the third layer on the other hand produced some fragments of cord marked pottery. In my opinion, this stratigraphy is far from convincing. During the excavation, several human skeletons were found; some of them not complete. Among these was the skeleton of a child showing the cutting of the milk-teeth. Round the neck was a necklace of perforated shells, apparently used as a funerary gift. One of the shells proved to be a Nerita chameleon L., the others Naticae. Similar perforated shells

94 Van Es; '26, 468. 74. '29, 329-40. 96 It is therefore all the more regrettable that the method of projection for the drawing in of finds (this being done by projecting them on two or three assumed plan es ) has not proved very suitable for the purpose.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 77

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VAN HEEKEREN

have afterwards been found scattered in the cultural layers; among these were larger shells such as Natica mamila L. There were other ornaments, too: perforated teeth of camivores (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites), two small perforated plates of mother-of-pearl, four fragments of an amulet made of bone and showing traces of incised concentric squares near the edge, and many pieces of ruddle.96 Several skeletons of adults were dug up, but they were in no condition to be reconstructed. More than onee a skeleton had been covered by a rock to keep away the animals or to prevent the deceased's spirit from leaving the body. (PI. 24). The skeletal material was forwarded to W. A. Mijsberg, who bas been able to reconstruct one of the skulls (PI. 25a, b). It has been measured aceurately and described.97 Besides, various teeth from the cave in question and from other caves near Bodjonegoro where a similar culture was encountered afterwards, have also been examined. The examination of the Sampung skull disclosed the following indices:

A. Cranial Breadth x 100

Cranial Length

B. Auricular-Bregma Height x 100

Cranial Length

C. Auricular-Bregma Height x 100

Cranial Breadth

D. Minimum Frontal Diameter x 100

Cranial Breadth

E. Total Facial Heigth x 100

Bizygomatie Diameter

F. Orbital Height x 100

Orbital Breadth

78.2 (mesocephalic)
68.8
88.0 larger than mmuna of Javanese.
68.4
45.5 smaller than minima of Javanese.
72.1 smaller than minima of Javanese.
116 Van Stein Callenfels; '31, 16-32. Dammerman; '34, 229-35. 97 Mijsberg; '32, 39-54.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 79

G. Nasal Breadth x 100
56.7
Nasal Height

H. Bizygomatic Diameter x 100
100.8
Maximum Cranial Breadth

1. Minimum Frontal Diameter x 100
   67.9
   Maximum Bizygomatic Diameter

Of the teeth we only give the measurements that are larger than the maxima of the Javanese: The third Ie ft lower molar with a length of 13.0 and breadth of 12.5 mmo The first right upper molar with a length of 12.8 and breadth of 13.4 mmo The first left upper molar with a length of 12.3 and breadth of 13.l mmo All these molars are from the Bodjonegoro Caves. From the Sampung Cave came a first right lower molar with a length of 13.1 mmo and a first left lower molar with the same length. Mijsberg has pointed out that the Sampung skull is higher vaulted than the average Javanese skull and he concluded from the strongly-built teeth which surpass the maxima of the Javanese more than once, that they do not be long to Javanese, but to a megalodontic race, resulting from the interbreeding of Papua-Melanesian and Australian races. Dammerman 98 for

98 Dammerman; '32, 30-31.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
CARNIVORA: RODENTIA: Felis bengalensis Kerr. Hystrix javanica Cuv.

Cuon javanicus Desm.

Lutra cinerea lIl.

Among this sub-recent Indo-Malayan fauna Elephas maximus, Bos bubalis, Neofelis nebulosa and Cervus eldi are extinct in Java. Rhino- (eros still exists in the westernmost part of Java. Bone and antIers had been used for the manufacture of implements, teeth of carnivores had sometimes been perforated in order to serve as magical decoration. Van Es also discovered a similar culture about 100 km. north of Sampung in the Northern Limestone HiIIs near Bodjonegoro. The cultural deposits were not so thick as those in the Sampung Cave. Van Stcin Callenfels afterwards performed excavations in three caves in this area, but only two, the Kramat and the Lawang Cave near Dander have been reported on.99 Neolithic adzes were not found here, only two kinds of bone spatuias like in the Sampung Cave and the bifacial hammerdressed stone arrow-heads. Among these very small pieces occurred also here. The deposit of the two caves was too thin to be stratified; finds of varied type were mixed together.

W. J. A. WiIIems visited tbe hiIIs in the Semanding district in the
neighbourhood of Tuban and examined two caves, the Gedeh and the Kandang Cave (1938). The first cave is 20 m. long and the finds occurred from the entrance up to a point deep in the interior. Furthermore, preliminary excavations have been performed in tbe Ketjil, Bale, Pawon, Bagong, Peturon, Butol and Pangang Caves, caves and rock-shelters, all of which are situated in tbe same mountain ridge extending southwest to northeast near Tuban. They yielded the same prehistoric stone and bone objects as those at Sampung and Bodjonegoro; two kinds of bone spatuias (PI. 26a) and bifacial stone arrow-heads. However, WiIIems reported the presence of great numbers of shelI artifacts, in particular of arched scrapers with fine marginal retouches. Due to his sudden departure to Europe and the outbreak of Worid War Il, WiIIems unfortunately did not have the opportunity to work out his notes. In the Annual Report 1938 of tbe Archaeological Service in the Netheriands Indies, mention has been made of his findings: "Unfortunately the ex-

09 Van Stein Callenfels; '31, 25-26.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 81

plorations have not been wholly satisfactory in that it has not been possible to gain a true insight into the stratigraphy of these cave deposits. Variation in the ground profile showed up only in places where a kind of stratum could be established by means of a sediment of phosphate and other compounds. Since no humus formation takes place in such caves and rock-shelters, it stands to reason that methods other than those used in Europe have to be followed. As regards the cultural stratigraphy, all artifacts of bone, stone and shell were intermingled in the upper and the lower layers. No more than in the Celebes caves we re there separate horizons like the ones van Stein Callenfels thought to have discovered in the Sampung Cave. The shell artifacts were in the majority". The present author recently examined these finds and found that the stone arrow-heads had not always been chipped on both surfaces and that there are unifacial arrow-heads among them. Furthermore, some of the bone spatuIas and daggers differ from the Sampung ones in that they display the condyle. Finally I discovered many stone implements among these which belong to the 'Flake and BIade' -category. More than 200 km. east of the above-mentioned caves, the present writer found traces of the Sampung bone industry in three different places in Besuki. In the spring of 1933 the Betpuruh Cave was discovered during an exploration of an isolated limestone massif in the Beser Mountains, north of Pradjekan. The outermost chamber, only iIIuminated by some diffuse light, was excavated, but no finds were made except near the entrance and in the adjoining small rock-shelter. The deposit on the rock-bottom was very thin and nowhere exceeded one metre. Five concave-convex spatuIas have been found, quite identical with those of Sampung. There we re also small and narrower spatulas, bone awls, a flat spear-head of polished antler and a small point of anima 1 tooth. Associated with the bone industry we re some elements of the Hoabinhian Culture such as pounding stones with gripmarks, some stone flake implements and one stone arrow-head with convex butt-end. The only ornament to be discovered was a small ring of mother-of-pearI.100 In the westernmost part of the rock-shelter, approximately one metre from the upright wall, beneath an overhanging ledge of rock, quite on the rock-bottom were various sub-fossil human remains. The root system of a tree growing in the vicinity had penetrated and disturbed the depo- sition in the whole area. Among the skeletal remains was a skull from which the following parts have been recovered:

100 See: 'Oudheidkundig Verslag' 38. Van Heekeren; '35, 123-29.

VAN HEEKEREN

1. Fragment of the frontal bone with glabella and an adjoining part of the upper rim of the right orbit. Attached to it was a smal! fragment of the right wal! of the brain-case;
2. A small fragment of the frontal bone with the lateral portion of the upper rirn of the left orbit;
3. The foremost part (about half of it) of the left parietal bone;
4. A fragment of the lower border of the left orbit with the greater part of the Ie ft nasal bone attached to it;
5. A great part of the lower wall of the right orbit; the right upper jaw bone was relatively complete and showed the canine, two premolars and three molars;
6. A mandible which lacked the upper part of the right ramus and the whole left ramus, while the angle was damaged; on the right all elements from canine to last molar were present, on the left the second and third molar;
7. Isolated first and second incisor. On the right, in the upper jaw the alveolae are visible in which perhaps the roots of these teeth were embedded; 8-11. Four small fragments of the skul! cap. Reconstruction of the skull has not been possible. Mijsberg states: "In general the fragments seem to correspond with the Sampung finds. Over the eyes is a ridge like that seen in the Sampung skulI, but less weIl defined. This eminence is absent in Javanese skuIls, on the other hand it frequently occurs in Australian skulls (it is said as much as 72 %). The Pradjekan glabella is, as a matter of fact, strongly developed; the adjoining upper rim of the right orbit to the incisura orbitalis is swoIlen to an arcus superciliaris. From this incisura runs the lateral and ascending border between the just-mentioned arcus and the lateral part of the upper rirn of the orbit which represents no swelling. Lateral to the incisura supraorbitalis at some distance from the rim of the orbit is the extension of the arcus superciliaris. The mandible is strongly built and possesses a chin eminence. The measurements agree with those of Javanese males, but taking into account the following measurements: a. length of the row of the molars; b. length of the row of the molars and two premolars; c. breadth of the den tal arch between the most extemal points of the molars, it appears that among the Javanese males which have thus far been examined, there is not one which in all measurements agrees with those of our fragments. So the fragment of this mandible possesses dental elements of a notabie size which makes it probable that its owner

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 83

belonged to a megalodont race. All things considered, the cranial fragments of Pradjekan disagree with those of modem Javanese, but resembIe those of Sampung, and both taken together bear likeness to the skulls of Australoids, Papuas and related races". The animal remains from Pradjekan have been forwarded to G. H.

R. von Koenigswald. Apart from the relics of Varanus, tortoise and numerous molluscs, he mentioned the following mammaIs: PRIMATES: Pithecus pyrrhus Horsf.; fragments of two skulls. UNGALATA: Bos (Bibos) banteng Raffl.; teeth, tarsus, fragment of the humerus and other remains. Bos (Bubalus) bubalis L.; milk teeth, a number of large canines, the condyle of a large femur and other fragments, dug up from the lowest layers. Muntiacus munt jak Zimm.; fragments of the anders, mandible, tarsi. Sus vittatus Temm.; an incisor from the mandible with transverse section typical for th is pig, canines and an incisor from the maxilla. This sm all fauna comprises species which, with the exception of Bos (Bubalus) bubalis L., still exist in Java, and they are mentioned also in Dammerman's list of the Sampung fauna. The state of preservation in both sites is nearly the same. The second excavation in Besuki was started in 1931 and continued till 1935, the remaining section being excavated by Willems and the author in 1938.101 The activities took place near the South Coast at the northem border of the Watangan Limestone Mountain, east of the Puger village. Here, toa, the Sampung types of spatuIas and bone awls were excavated, but in association with a flake and crude blade industry of a semi-microlithic character and shell artifacts (PI. 26b). Furthermore, there were isolated human teeth, strongly-built and resembling those from the Sampung, Pradjekan and Tuban Caves. Right on the rock-bottom was the skeleton of a pygmy (PI. 27). Finally there was an amulet of mother-of-pearl, perforated in three places. The fauna in this cave reads as follows: 101 Van Heekeren; '36, 187-93.

PRIMATES: Pithecus pyrrhus Horsf. Macaca sp.

The near-by Mardjan Cave also yielded some bone spatuias of the Sampung type besides a few primitive 'short-axes' and other rather small stone tools of Hoabinh type. Animal remains were scarce; on the other hand there occurred many human skeletal remains, but only one appeared to have been buried; it was Iying on its back in eastwest direction, the head towards the east, and it was covered by three limestone rocks. The skull was fractured and lacked some parts of the facial region, but otherwise this thick-walled skull was in a relatively good condition. lts index measured 77.7, quite in agreement with that of the Sampung skull, and therefore mesocephalic. The mandible was massive and strongly-built, too, indicating that the owners must have belonged to a megalodontic race. The measurements of the teeth tallied with those of the Sampung and Dander Caves. Furthermore this small cave was littered with sub-fossil human skeletal remains like fragments of ulnae, skulls, isolated teeth and jaws. In some instances the ulnae had been split lengthwise and presented traces of burning, indicating cannibalism. This small cave has, in my opinion, never been inhabited, and was only used as a burial-place for a prominent individual. Whatever has further happened there, can only be guessed. The material from both the Sodong and Mardjan Caves was lost in war time before an expert had the opportunity to examine them.102 In a cave in South Celebes some bone spatuias have also been found. The Sampung Bone Culture, up till now, has been encountered on a large scale in East Java; to be exact in seventeen caves or rock-shelters. This culture mainly consists of artifacts made of bone and antler. It has produced awls, arrow-heads and spear-heads, daggers of antiers and digging tools to dig up yams and roots, and two types of spatuIas both with a polished rounded cutting-edge, the first of a concave-convex shape, the second flat and sometimes tempered by fire and polished, it having been used as a scraper for the cleaning of roots and such. Bone fish-hooks are

102 Van Heekeren; '37b, 269-77.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 85

rare. All caves displayed a great quantity of red pigment, this having been used to smear the body and face during ceremonial festivities. The dead were interred in caves and lain down either on one side or on the back, the legs bent and the hands folded on the face. Buried with them were funerary gifts such as necklaces of perforated shells and animal teeth. Small mother-of-pearl rings and plates of the same substance, pierced in two or three places, served as ornaments or amulets. The cave-dwellers were apparently not ab Ie to make pottery. Though still living on edible molluscs and wild vegetables, they had become increasingly competent in hunting big and small game. The Sampung Bone Industry in Java was accompanied by a sub-recent Indo-Malayan fauna, a fact that definitely establishes its Post-Glacial age.1 03 The position this industry occupies and the presence of northern Neolithic bifacial, hammerdressed stone arrow-heads, make it probable that this culture is younger than the Hoabinhian. In that period there were still Papua-Melanesians in Java, and there existed Elephas maximus, Neofelis nebulosa, Bos (Bubalus) bubalis and Cervus eldi, the last-named still living in Indo-China and Siam. Beyond Java, th is culture has been found in Japan, China, Indo-China and in one place in the Malay PeninsuIa. In the oldest layers of the artifact-bearing deposits of the caves in Indo-China this bone industry is absent. They yielded only rat her primitive artifacts of bone and hom. More southwards, in the Hoabinh Province, they were met in a rather great number and variety, though they are never predominant. But a shell mound at Da-But (North Annam) displayed a bone culture which, though associated with Hoabinh implements, in many respects resembles the Sampung Industry, and what is more, produced bone implements which have not been found in Tonkin, but in Sampung. Van Stein Callenfels, therefore, is of the opinion that it originated and developed sou th of Tonkin and gradually superseded the use of stone, untiI it reached the pure form as produced by the central layer of the Sampung Cave, unaccompanied by stone implements.

103 No traces of fossil men and other fossil mammals have been encountered in caves in Indonesia. Many if not all of the caves may have been formed in Post-Glacial times.

VAN HEEKEREN

3. THE FLAKE AND BLADE INDUSTRIES.
   A. T heT 0 a I e a n 0 f Sou thW est e r n Cel e bes. The well-known Swiss naturalists Fritz and Paul Sarasin were the first to discover a blade industry of a semi-mierolithie and mierolithie eharaeter in lndonesia during their seeond expedition to Celebes whieh lasted from March 1902 to April 1903. Twiee they visited the rather isolated limestone mountain-range near Lamontjong, east of Chamba in the southem region of wh at was th en the principality of Bone. Af ter mueh trouble and privation they finally eame into contact with the so-ealled ToaIe who still lived in the forests and partly dwelt in eaves. The Sarasins exeavated four eaves near Lamontjong; during these activities they diseovered a mesolithic flake culture which was essentially founded on blades. The presence of bar bed and winged stone arrow-heads betrayed Neolithie influences of northem origin. The caves which were exeavated are known as the Tjakondo, Ulelebá and Balisao Caves. The first one, eonsisting of a rock-shelter and a cave, is situated between the villages of Bakunge and Lapankanru. The rock-shelter is called the Up per Tjakondo Cave. It is about 20 m. broad and lies above a dry watercourse about 430 m. above sea-Ievel. lts deposit was not stratified and consisted merely of a greyish ashlayer mixed with limestone einders in which a number of stone and bone implements were found. The prehistorie horizon was only 80 cm. thick and passed abruptly into a sterile, yellow stone layer which ended right at the rock-bottom. At 10 cm. below the ground-Ievel oceurred many animal bone fragments and stone and bone artifacts; the riehest level reaehed a depth of only 10 to 40 cm. Many of the bones appeared to be fraetured and calcined. Among the artifaets were implements like blades, three single-edged and double-edged knives, scrapers, points and numerous waste products. Moreover, stone arrow-heads and other stone flakes with serrated edges, typieal for the Upper Toalean, were found. All objects had been manufactured of andesite, ehalcedony or sometimes even of limestone. Then there was a ground incisor of a boar, the point of a wooden stick and a fragment of a human skull which appeared to be perforated. I t had perhaps been used as a charm or wom by the relatives as a memento. But this point will be discussed presently.l04 Potsherds were found mainly in the upper layers and could not be distinguished from the Buginese earthenware; most probably pottery eame to the eave-dwellers by means 104 Sarasin; '05a and b. '35, 127-33.

AGE OF INDONESlA 87

Fig. 16. Distribution of the Toalean sites in Sth. West Celebes.

1. Leang Tjakondo 1
2. Leang Tjakondo II
3. Leang Ulelebá
4. Leang Balisao
5. Leang Tomatua Katjitjang
6. Leang Sebang
7. Leang Ara
8. Leang DjariE
9. Leang Saripa
10. Llang Karassa'
11. Leang Burung
12. Leang PattaE
13. Leang Lampoa
14. Mandai
15. Leang Panameanreanga
16. Batu Edjaya
17. Panganreang Tudea
18. Bola Batu
19. Panisi Ta'buttu
20. Llang Tjadang

Cave the 40 cm. thick ashlayer contained many stone blades, double-edged knives, pedunculated scrapers, arrow-heads and a few animal remains. There were also the charred remains of a crudely knotted sack. The Ulelebá Cave yielded artifacts and the remains of two human individuals which were rather fragmentary. They comprised twelve cranial fragments, a fragment of the right part of a maxilla with two premolars, five isolated molars, four milk teeth and one incisor. These fragments belong partly to an old male adult and partly to a young individual. There was also a comparatively intact humerus which pointed to a race of small stature with some primitive characteristics. The Balisao Cave contained an ashlayer of 40 to 45 cm. thickness, which yiclded stone artifacts, anima I bones and some potsherds. It covered a barren yellow, stony laycr. The mammal remains from these caves indicate a fauna which still exists in Celebes, establishing therefore a Post-Glacial age.105 The same area was visited by van Stein Callenfels in 1933 accompanied hy H. D. Noone and A. A. Cense. In November-December of that year they performed successful excavations in the Leang Tomatua Katjitjang (Cave of the Lonesome Old Man). This cave was situated north of Tjani. Apart from fJakes, blad es and barbed arrow-heads, he found two bone points with serrated edges, a stone bark-beater, a bone spatuIa of the Sampung type, a few bone spear-heads of Muduk type 106 and two fragments of green glass brace lets, triangular in cross-section. One of these was found at a considerable depth, a fact which made van Stein Callenfels decide to fix the absolute age of the Toalean at 300-100

B.C. No report was published on this excavation or on that of the Sebang Cave in the same area.1 07 In 1933 Cense on one of his official tours discovered a new Toalean site at Ara; the site is situated on the most southern point of Sou th-West Celebes opposite Salayar Island. lts geological formation consists 105 Sarasin; '08. 106 MacCarthy; '40b, 313-19. A Muduk point is a double-pointed piece of bone, oval or flattened-oval in section, usually flat on the inner side, convex on the outer side, and shaped (usually on both sides) by grinding so as to produce a fusiform shape. The grinding of ten extends all around both ends contiguous to the points. They are bone barbs mounted in wooden spears, mostly used for spearing fish. 107 Van Stein Callenfels; '3Bb, 138-44.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 89

of recent coral reefs which have been uplifted in the Quarternary and partly cover the effusa of the Lompobatang near Kadjang. Several ancient beaches can be pointed out here; some geologists think that there are seven of these, beach 111 lies 30 m., beach IV 50 m. and beach V 100 m. above sea-Ievel. The prehistorie Ara site is situated on beach lIl. In July 1936, Cense invited me to visit Ara; we were accompanied by the septuagenarian Mr. Nurudin Magassing who had, as early as 1902, escorted the Sarasins to Lamontjong. During my visit it appeared that a district-officer had already made investigations so there was not much left for a closer examination. What had been left was excavated then and yielded the following objects: 29 micro stone arrow-heads and other small implements with serrated edges, among which was a single arrow-head with a concave, winged butt-end, two scrapers, a large triangular stone-point, a peculiar spatula-shaped bone object, seven bone points of the Muduk type and a fragment of a sting-ray. The only ornament was a light blue glass spi ral. The deposit was only 40 cm. thick. The barbed objects were dominant in contrast with similar finds in other Toalean caves. The implements are small-sized, even for the Toalean. The teeth of the serrated tools are rather strongly developed in some cases, relatively blunt and cut perpendicular to the axis of the object instead of backwards. In my opinion, such tools can only have been used for the spearing of fish. The bone spatuia was made of an ulna which had not been split and only worked at the distal end. Potsherds occurred mostly near the surface. There were no human remains except for a small but strongly-built mandible with the small teeth in situ. This mandible probably was worn as a memento. I suppose that the Ara site may be considered as one of the Iatest Toalean sites, dating weIl up into historical times. 1 0 8 Next followed the excavation of the Leang Karassa' (Ghost Cave) on the Chamba Road in the limestone mountains east of Maros, near the village of Patanuang AsuE. More Toalean sites we re afterwards discovered in the same hills and the last investigations in 1950 led to the discovery of cave-paintings and negative hand-stencils in these regions. The Karassa' Cave is a spacious rock-shelter which partly inclines over the road;109 its deposit consisted mainly of sand, fresh-water molluscs and ashes. The shells themselves formed a real kitchenmidden one metre thick, cemented only directly against the rock wall. It yielded

108 Van Heekeren; '37a, 30-33. 109 Van Heekeren; '37-38, 263-67, 281-85.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
quite a number of prehistorie artifaets, made of andesite, chalcedony and bone. Chalcedony was found eemented as lumps in the limestone riverbed at some metres distanee from the eave. The shellbank whieh contained the artifacts was not stratified. Numerous blade-tools, scrapers, points and bladelets as weil as 23 stone implements with serrated edges were found. There were some remarkable bone points as weIl, and a number of stone tools which differed from the Toalean proper by their patina and archaic forms. There we re tools of a more or less Mousterian- like type and notched artifaets. Winged arrow-heads were not found, and potsherds oecurred only in the uppermost layers. Although the Karassa' Cave should be considered as one of the oldest Toalean sites, the aeeompanying fauna did not appear to comprise fossil animal remains which means that this site is also of Post-Glacial age. 110 This cave also yielded a smaIl, but strongly-built human mandible; the teeth we re missing. In 1937 I continued the investigations in Sou th Celebes, the main purpose being to gain more data conceming the strueture of the Toalean complex and to increase our knowledge of its geographieal dispersal. This time I examined the Panameanreanga Cave in the Matampa Mountains near Pankadjene, which is a eontinuation of the Maros limestone mountain-range. In th is eave, the Toalean did not show up until

1.05 m. below ground-level, under a bank of marine shells. This trial excavation was followed immediately by one of the Saripa Cave ne ar the Chamba Road near km. 46 on the right bank of a small river which cuts through the limestone. On the opposite bank, a few kilometres further, lies the before-mentioned Karassa' Cave. The Saripa Cave proved to be a rieh Toalean site, and yielded thousands of primary flakes and blades which were found throughout the whole stratum which started immediately below the ground-Ievel and reaehed only as deep as 40 to 50 cm. Beneath this stratum was a sandy layer eontaining shells and a few stone implements. At a depth of 1.10 m. the rock-bottom was struck. The implements are conspicious by their fine workmanship and abundance in types. They were mostly made of chalcedony and a similar hard and brittle stone. There were a large number of arrow-heads, about 80 % of which possess a concave butt-end and show a Neolithie habitus.HI Nearly half of these were neatly serrated along the edges. Perfeetly symmetrie pieees were rare. In some instances the points of the arrow- 110 Van Heekerenj '41, 229-37. 111 Van Heekeren; '39b, 112--18.

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 91

heads had been made with painstaking care and had been skillfully retouched all over, other pieces had been provided with the sharpest of points. There were two small stone saws and two peculiar borers of the 'perçoir sur lame' type which, if found in Europe, might well be taken for Aurignacian-Solutrean implements. Other types encountered were: blades, double-sided knives, borers, awls, tanged points, gravers, core-scrapers, some true microliths and a few crude stone flake-tools. Some bone points had been hardened by fire and entirely polished afterwards. FinaIly, there was a number of small and round, dark-brown pellets or marble-like stones with a smooth and shining surface. It is not clear what they are. Human skeletal remains were completely absent. In the same year van Stein Callenfels resumed his investigations into the Toalean Culture in South Celebes. He was assisted by W. J. A. Willems and F. D. MacCarthy.112 It appears that four caves or rock-shelters were examined. The activities started with the excavation of a rock-shelter known as the Panisi Ta'buttu, situated at the Salo Parusi about 11 km. southwest of Palakka in Bone. Here, too, as was the case with most caves in south Celebes, the deposit proved to be too shallow to be stratified. Mention was made for the first time of the presence of tanged tools; the cave also produced 16 serrated artifacts, a number of stone and bone points, some of which of the Muduk type, blades, knives, shell scrapers and a few bone spatulas. Next followed the excavation of the Tjadang Cave near Tjita on the Wallanae River in the Soppeng district by Willems and MacCarthy. This steep-sloping cave produced potsherds, a few metal objects, scrapers made of shell and twelve barbed stone artifacts. In addition, three fragments of human mandibles, one with two, the other with three molars, and a great number of isolated teeth and some human bones were found. Resident ter Laag had drawn attention to two caves on the south coast in the vicinity of Bonthain. Both caves were examined by van Stein Callenfels. One of these caves presented a stratum as thick as 3 m. No report has been published. 1l3 The first cave, Batu Edjaya (Red Stone Cave), still receives worship from the population in the form of rites which include the setting free of a chicken. The upper layer contained objects of a comparatively recent date, e.g. 1-cent pieces and old Dutch coins. Next followed a compact layer of potsherds between 18 and 40 cm. below the ground-level; the sherds were decorated with comb-like

112 Van Stein Callenfels; '38b, 138--44. 113 Van Stein Callenfels; '38a, 579-84.

300 E.C. He found that bone points of the Muduk type were abundant in this layer. The excavation of the second cave, Panganreang Tudea, produced not only the typical Toalean with its barbed stone tools, but also an older layer, clearly distinguished stratigraphically, containing implements resembling those which were discovered by Bühler in Timor and Roti 114 and by the present author in Besuki, Java, and by Willems in the Tuban Caves. Characteristic in this lower, older layer are tanged implements and scrapers of a characteristic shape. Apparently we are dealing with an industry which represents the forerunner of the Toalean proper and which van Stein Callenfels therefore named the Proto-Toalean. It so appeared that the Toalean is a mixed culture displaying two elements:

a. The Proto-Toalean with the tanged elements and b. the northern element with barbed stone implements (well-known in Japan, Korea and the Philippines, but not in Java or in Sumatra. (PI. 28, 29). Lately the present writer had the opportunity to re-examine the finds of this cave and to study the cultural stratigraphy as well, with the assistance of van Stein Callenfels' field record book. The most important feature was the great abundance of true microliths, such as batte red-back points, trapezes, crescents and triangular bladelets. My preliminary drawing of a stratigraphic scheme resulted in the recognition of three different cultural layers (Fig. 17): Toalean I or Upper Toalean, with serrated arrow-heads, bone Muduk points, scrapers made of shell, and potsherds; Toalean 11 or Middle Toalean, comprising beautifully struck blades and warped blade-points, arrow-heads with rounded butt-ends and numerous true microliths; Toalean 111 or Lower Toalean, containing larger and crudely chipped flakes, some plain blades, flake-tools with notches and pedunculated blade-implements. The latter have been found in the upper level of the third layer only. In May 1939, Willems excavated some caves in the neighbourhood of Makale and made some preliminary excavations along the Mandar Gulf without results. 114 Van Heekeren; '49, 89-108.

STONE AGE OF INDO NES IA 93

Vm

..... jf, ...

\ ', : ...,.. 1 ' (J·f" •' '"

~~

'I ~

OJ.J.~" I,, 1, 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 Ilo"

Fig. 17. Panganreang Tudea Cave, Sth. Celebes.

I. U pper Toalean; 11. Middle Toalean; 111. Lower Toalean.

(Stone House Cave), a cave in the upper part of a dome-shaped limestone hilI, about 191 m. above sea-Ievel, near the village of Badjo in the Barebo district of the State of Bone and about 20 km. southwest of the capital Watampone. The cave is illuminated by some diffuse light penetrating through two entrances and a large hole in the ceiling. Apart from 240 stone implements which represent

73.6 % of the total finds, 43 bone artifacts and 141 shell tools were found. Also a rew slightly mineralized human calvarium fragments, a mandible with molars, some isolated teeth, the relics of killed game and numerous molluscs. No winged arrow-heads or other Neolithic relics have been found, except for a fragment of a round axe among the Toalean layers. In the upper layers a number of barbed stone arrow-heads were found and some tanged blade-tools in the lower layers. Among the bla(!e-tools were scalene triangles of a semi-microlithic character, Pirri-points, convex-based stone points and core-scrapers in the lower stratum of the excavation. SomE glazed potsherds of Chinese origin were recovered at a rather great depth. From February 17 till April 5 1950, I excavated the Leang PattaE (Cave of the paintings). It is situated 30 m. above se a-level at the foot of the Maros Limestone Mountains, in thc vicinity of Leang-Leang in the Turikale district. About 100 m. farther runs a smal!, appa- rentl~' nameless river. The examination could not be finished due to the riots which broke out in South Celebes. Potsherds occurred only immediately below the ground-Ievel, serrated and winged arrow-heads exclusively in the upper layers. Most artifacts were made of stone such as chalcedony and jasper. Blades of varying measurements were frequent; they varied from 25 x 7 to 66 x 33 mmo Many of these blades must have been hafted and used for several purposes. The stone implements are smal! Lut, with some exceptions, not entitled to the name 'microlith', the less so because rea 1 geometrie forms are almost absent. Among the finds. however, occurred some very small points with careful retouching along one edge; they resembie similar points of the Eurafrican Capsian and the Bondi points of Sou th Australia. The finds are as follows: Neolithic: 16 winged and barbed stone arrow-heads, 5 barbed arrow-heads, 1 tanged, barbed arrow-head, 1 stone, bearing traces of sawing, 1 perforated stone, 3 potsherds.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 95

Mesolithic:

6 tanged points, 19 round-based points, 6 obliquely truncated points, 6 battered-back points and crescents, 5 gravers, a great number of blades, 12 cores, 14 shell points, and 1 polished bone point.

In studying these data it has to be emphasized that only sector I has been completely excavated, while of the sectors 11 and III only the upper layers had been removed when the work had to be interrupted. The data just given can therefore not give a correct ratio of the younger and older elements. In addition to thousands of Brotia and Thiara shells, there were also remains of killed game. Traces of hearths and charcoal were found in several places at different levels. All layers yielded red Haematite. In this cave, for the first time, rock-paintings were discovered.115 From the previous pages it is clearly to be seen that the so-called Toalean has been found in 19 different caves. It appeared that the people who introduced this culture lived mainly on edible fresh-water molluscs as weU as from hunting small and big game, fishing, and gathering edible wild plants. Several caves in the Maros Limestone Mountains possess a bank of cemented molluscs against the rock wall, and more than one of these contains caJcined vertebrates and artifacts. These banks lie from one to three me tres above the level of the cave's deposito We found this phenomenon in the Karassa', Saripa and PattaE Gaves, but it was most distinctly developed in the Burung Gave. (Fig. 18). During our excavation of the PattaE Gave, Mrs. Dr G. H. M. Palm discovered on February 26th 1950 a number of negative hand-stencils on a red background in the innermost part of the cave. On the ceiling about two metres above the floor-level were 7 hand-stencils standing out against a red background; against one of the hands was a small crescent- shaped figure. There was another figure with five strokes, probably representing another hand. It appeared that the left hand had been spread against the ceiling, the space between the fingers and the sur- rounding area had then been splashed or spat at with a red pigment or paint, a procedure showing that the stencils had been made one hand af ter another as splashes from one hand could be traced on another. The red mineral has peeled off in several places and has caused the loss of tnany details. With one exception, all stencils are of left hands. The hands in th is cave are slender with well-shaped fingers, and of

lUi Van Heekeren; '52, 22-35. '55,34--37.

1 myself discovered in the same portion of the cave but in a niche, a fine contourdrawing of a leaping boar in red brown striped line technique (PI. 31). On its back and neck are a series of five or six tufts of hair. lts head shows two horns giving the impression of tusks, but they are drawn behind instead of before the eyes and are bent the concave side forwards, not backwards. It is probable, therefore, that the supposed horns are really two bristles. The clumsy body and tbe thin legs are reminiscent of Babyrousa, but this animal has practically no hair or mane. The cardiac region displays an object that can be taken for a spear-head, a sympathetic magical sign, aiding the hun ter in hitting the animal in its most vulnerable spot. On March 5th we discovered a distinct hand-stencil on the ceiling of a practically inaccessible niche cut in a steep rock wall of the Burung Gave (a few kilometres east of the PattaE Gave), about 8 m. above the ground-leveI. In examining the niche we found traces of two other hand-stencils; all three stencils are negatives and made against a red background. One of them was that of a right hand (PI. 32). In the same rock wall is a high tunnel which af ter a few me tres curves to the right and debouches into the open air. On the ceiling near the entrance we discovered traces of several hand-stencils, but the red paint appeared in such a state of weathering and was so blistered, that the stencils were hardly recognizable; their number and details could not be established. Near the exit of the tunnel were two hand-stencils; one is made on the ceiling and is the negative print of a right hand, the other on the side-wall and badly preserved.

G. J. H. Franssen had found a number of hand-stencils in a cave
complex which we have named the Leang DjariE (Gave of the fingers). The site consists of a complex of tunnels, halls and fissures. Just inside the entrance we noticed on the ceiling of a small niche two groups of respectively seven and five hand-stencils on a red background. Though they could easily be discemed, many of their details have vanished Dwing to the weathered condition of the pigment. Deeper in the cave on a spot where the entrance narrows, are four negative hand-stencils; one of these had four, another only three fingers, while a third displayed fingers tapering in the same way as one of the stencils in the PattaE Gave. At a higher level of the rock wall is another small cave which can only be reached by means of a ladder. Though its ceiling is covered with a greenish film of moisture, two groups of respectively four and five stencils could be distinguished. From the second group the thumbs are all absent. FinalIy, we found in a fissure four hand-stencils which were

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 97

in a bad condition as a result of the weathered red ochre. The hand-stencils in this cave complex amount to twenty-nine.116 Many caves contained human skeletal remains, but no complete skeleton or skull has ever been found in the true Toalean deposits; the remains found in the caves were parts of the skull, some of which had been perforated artificially, mandibles, isolated teeth, fragments of the extremities being scarce. Therefore, the Toaleans buried their dead outside the caves or practised tree-burial. The bones were gathered in course of time and distributed among the deceased' relatives who adomed themselves with them and wore them as mementoes. It reminds one of the burial rites of the Andaman Negritos, the Melanesians and some Australian tribes. The Kumai of Southeastem Australia for instance make it their habit to wear the lower jaws on their breast. According to A. R. Brown 117 the Negritos of the Andamans dig up the bones or take down the bones of the deceased and the skulls and jaw-bones are wom round the neck either in front or behind. The ot her bones are also preserved, but not treasured like the skull and lower jaw; they are of ten mislaid. These Negritos did not generally use stone tools, but employed arched scrapers of shelllike the ones found in numerous caves in Java, Southem Celebes and Flores. Their only stone tools were quartz chips for hair-cutting, tattooing and sacrification. These sharp flakes were used only once and then thrown away on rubbish-dumps. The skeletal remains in the Toale caves indicate peoples with a small stature and small teeth. Those of the Bola Batu Cave have been minutely examined by Dr D. A. Hooijer ;118 there were skull fragments, a lower jaw and isolated teeth from four different individuals. The human skeletal fragments of the Lampoa Cave 119 were also examined. Hooijer has published the following resuJts:

1. The skulls show no characters that are typically Veddah-like; the frontal bone is larger than the average in Buginese and Macassars, and the mandible is high in relation to its width, falling above the Veddah range in this respect.
2. The permanent teeth in situ are small compared with those of Buginese and Macassars, but this is most probably due to the sub-fossil teeth having belonged to a female, and the recent Celebean skull. 116 Van Heekeren; '52, 22-35. Heyningj '50,21-30. 117 Brownj '33. 118 Hooijer j '50a, 7-160. '55, 153-63. 119 Franssen; '49, 331-39.

.--.~ ._-~ ........ .:::.

., I"::. .:=:.-= ... \ t"'"'-=---'--_ ..... ,--- j/,

/mpassÛJu

LüneJtone

Fig. 18. Toalean sites East of Maros, Sth. Celebes.

. PattaE Rock-shelter; 2. Burung Gave; 3. DjariE Gave; 4. Saripa Gave;

5. Karassa' Gave.

STONE ACE OF INDONESIA 99

used for comparison to male individu als. Some of the isalated teeth are not particularly small, however.

3. The milk dentition is large, same elements are at, or even over, the maximum size recorded for all living races of Man.
4. In the post-cranial skeleton, though primitive, na special Veddah characteristics are apparent either, and the structure of its ulna points to the sub-fossil Toalean Gave Man as a form more advanced than the living Veddah. The robusticity of the humerus is very low. The tibia is not shown to be mesacnemie. The astragalus and the calca- neum exhibit primitive characters, judged by European standards, and conform weU with the corresponding Veddah bones.
5. The remains in the Bola Batu Gave point to four to seven individuals; those of the Lampoa rock-shelter partly belonged to an individual, the stature of which was probably only 142 cm., but one larger individual, at least, was present too. The anthropometric studies of Mijsberg 120 on the living Toaie, and of Hooijer on sub-fossil skeletal fragments, suggest that the Toale and their ancestars do not differ significantly. The Sarasin's view that they represent impure Veddah relics is untenable. The associated fauna of the Toale Industry is, geologically speaking not very old sin ce all species be long to a recent fauna. This has recently become known by Hooijer's outstanding monograph. 121 Even a mineralized lower jaw in the cemented bank of the Burung Gave is that of Sus celebensis. Hooijer describes the fauna which has been excavated from the Bola Batu, Tomatua Katjitjang, Sebang, Panisi Ta'buttu, Panganreang Tudea and Batu Edjaya Gaves and indicates its distribution over the Toalean sites. MARSUPIALIA:
   

   Phalanger ursinus Temminek. Rare; represented only by some

mandibles and teeth. In. same caves larger than the present day species. Phalanger celebensis Gray. Found in various caves. Phalanger celebensis callenfelsi. A large new form, discovered in the basal layer of the Panganreang Tudea Gave.

120 Mijsberg; '41, 1279-1309. 121 Hooijer; '50a, 7-160.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OVER THE TOALEAN SITES ACCORDING TO DR D. A. HOOI]ER.

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0

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Phalanger ursinus Temminck X X X X X X X X X Phalanger celebensis Gray X X X X X X X Suncus murinus L. X Macaca maura Geoffr. et F. Guv.X X X X X X X X X X X Homo sapiens L.X X X X X X X X Lenomys meyeri JentinkX X X X X Rattus dominator ThomasX X X X Rattus cf. xanthurus GrayX X X Rattus cf. rattus L.X X X Rattus cf. coelestis ThomasX Macrogalidia musschenbroekii SchlegelX X Sus celebensis Müller et SchlegelX X X X X X X X X X X X Babyrousa babyrussa L.X X X X X X X X X Anoa quarlesi OuwensX X X X X X X X ? Anoa depressicornis Smith X ? ?

I I I I I

INSEGTIVORA: Suncus murinus L. Only a calvarium, excavated from the Bola Batu Gave.

PRIMATES: Homo saPiens L. Skull fragments and mandibles in various caves. Macaca maura Geoffr. et F. Guv. of frequent occurrence in several caves. Macaca maura majuscula. A large new subspecies from the Bola Batu Gave.

RODENTIA: Lenomys meyeri Jentink. Rattus dominator Thomas.

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 101

Rattus sp. cf. xanthurus group. Rattus sp. cf. rattus group. Rattus sp. cf. eoe lest is group.

CARNIVORA: Macrogalidia musschenbroekii meridionalis. For the first time discovered in this area; still existing in the Minahassa.

ARTIODACTYLA: Sus celebensis Müller et Schlegel. Oldest remams m caves belong to a species smaller than the present-day Celebes wild pig; the increase in size was gradual. Sus celebensis sarasinorium. Found in the Bola Batu Cave. Babyrousa babyrussa L. Now vanished from the southwestern part of Celebes. Oldest examples in caves larger than the Babyrousa still living in Central Celebes. Babyrousa babyrussa bolabatuensis. A new subspecies from the Bola Batu Cave. Anoa quarlesi Ouwens. Oldest remains in caves are slightly larger than the present-day species. Anolt'2 depressicornis Smith, rare in the Toalean caves.

During his examination Hooijer noticed that the present fauna possesses reduced measurements in comparison with the remains from the caves. Only Sus celebensis makes a notabie exception. This pig which still exists in Celebes is larger than its prehistorie ancestor. In 1948 Franssen performed a small excavation in the Lampoa Cave, situated on the Chamba road, East of Maros.122 He exposed a culture related to the Toalean Industry in which barbed or winged stone arrow-heads we re not present; Hooijer stated that the mammalian remains from this cave be long exclusively to Babyrousa. A human skull which was put together inexpertly by the finder is now at Surabaja. There were numero us molluscs which have been examined by Mrs. W. S. S. van der Feen Jutting at Amsterdam. The most frequent were Brotia perfecta Mousson, Neritina pulligera and Neritina iris Mousson. Next Thiara crenulata Deshayes. These species had formerly all together been called Melania. Oysterlike molluscs are Batissa violacea Lamarek and Polymesoda suborbicularis. The latter had formerly

122 Franssen; '49, 331-39.

Sou th Celebes have been found on Java, Sumatra, Flores, Timor, Roti and Borneo. A. C. de Jong and G. H. R. von Koenigswald in 1930 made a great number of surface-finds of obsidian flakes and blades. The artifacts from the Bandung Plateau came from twenty-three different places, most of which are situated about 723 m. above the sea-Ievel, and mainly centre around a lake which has now entirely vanished (Fig. 21). East of Dago in particular are four rich sites which together yielded 10.000 primary and chipped obsidian flakes. They we re all collected from the surface, on tops of hills and in some instances from road cuttings, where they have mainly been found in the upper level. The raw material must have been supplied from the neighbourhood of Nagreg, a small village where numerous obsidian bombs lie on the surface. Von Koenigswald 123 also mentioned the presence of neolithic adzes and large quantities of Haematite. The implements are small-sized, but nevertheless I hesitate to qualify the entire industry as microlithic as has been done by some who studied the material. The percentage of true microliths which are not only small in size, but also geometrically shaped, is proportionally small. And, in my opinion, this industry is not Neolithic either. 95 % of the Bandung flakes are made of obsidian, the remaining percentage of chert and andesite. I t is not known where the extensive collection of von Koenigswald is now; a very small part of it has been deposited in the Djakarta Museum. From a very recent publication by Georg Bandi,124 it appears that J. Krebs also started a collection principally in Dago in the years 1932 and 1933. He donated this collection to the Basel Museum in 1936. The same museum received collections of similar obsidian flakes from W. Mohler and W. Rothpletz, both of whom founded their collection during the Japanese occupation in the years 1943-45.

123 Von Koenigswald; '35, 394--417. 124 Bandi; '51, 127-61. The theory that the sites are strictly Iimited to places round the ancient Bandung lake is, however, not tenable. This was proven by recent explorations by Mr. Rothpletz; findspots with obsidian implements were found as far as over 1300 m. above the sea-level.

8andun! Hi9hlands

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"'"'.

Z" 0 fo< '" !ij fo<

'fII ~

~ ~.

4Á

o 3c~ 101J11I,,1 M"!tfi.4_;

Fig. 19. Obsidian implements {rom the Bandung Highlands.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
Bandi states that the material shows a lack of uniformity; the majority of the objects consists of primary obsidian fIakes and waste products. True blades are scarce. Among the well-worked and minutely retouched fIakes are 291 fIakes with edge chipping as a result of use, 159 flakes with marginal retouches; moreover, there are 238 typical implements such as arrow-heads with obliquely truncated edges, side- and core-scrapers, gravers and knives (Fig. 19). Marginal retouches are nearly always on the upper surface of the object, whereas altemate retouching is rare. The arrow-heads which mostly possess a chipped butt-end and point are retouched along the long margin; the butt-end is often convex and seldom straight. There are also irregular-shaped trapezes. The Bandung col!ection comprises 889 flakes which have been divided as follows: 49 arrow-heads, 46 shouldered scrapers and end-scrapers, 9 shouldered core-scrapers, 25 core-scrapers, 62 side-scrapers and end-scrapers, 21 gravers, 11 borers, 5 knives and 10 special forms. Furthermore 159 flakes with retouches, 291 flakes with retouches as a result of use and 201 flakes without retouches. In two caves in Besuki, East Java, the present writer found a related stone industry, but associated with the Sampung Bone Culture. The caves in question are the Betpuruh Cave near Pradjekan (examined in 1933) and the Sodong Cave near Puger on the Southcoast (examined in 1931-35). In the first rock-shelter, the Bone Culture was predominant, the flakes and blades of secondary importance.l25 But the Sodong rockshelter yielded better results. It is situated on the northern edge of the Watangan limestone massif. The rock-shelter is divided into two terraces, displaying a difference in level of two metres, and separated by a large stalagmite. In the first terrace was a deposit thick enough to be stratified. The upper layer yielded only potsherds, Chinese coins and a few bricks but no prehistorie objects. The next layer, at present 20 me tres above sea-Ievel, consisted of a marine deposit of shell and corals, but was barren of cultural objects. The third layer produced a Vertebrate Fauna including a large human mol ar; the bones showed traces of calcination. The fourth layer contained the prehistoric stone and bone culture; the implements comprised 6 bone spatulas, 12 bone points (including Muduk-types), 4 smal! Sumatraliths, points and sera pers of shell, 67 stone fIakes and blades, including double-sided knives, gravers, points, scrapers and 8 Pirri-points. Thcy we re made of chalcedony, jasper, obsidian and andesite (PI. 26b, 30). There were no potsherds. The fifth layer was

125 Van Heekerenj '35, 123-29. '36, 187-93.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 105

stone-hard and contained nothing of importance, but the sixth and lowest layer, three me tres below the ground-IeveJ, produced a few slightly mineralized bones; the lower part of a tibia of a sub-fossil banteng and the lower part of a fore-limb of a prehistoric waterbuffalo.126 The stone artifacts are small-sized, but the number of true microliths is relatively smalI; there were many pieces of red Haematite. The upper terrace was a deposit only one metre thick. I t yielded many arched scrapers of shell with marginal retouches and a mother-of-pearl amulet with three round holes in it, besides some isolated human teeth which we re little wom and equaled the Sampung teeth in size. Right at the bottom of the lower terrace was the skeleton of an adult pygmy, its stature being estimated approximately at 142 cm. Unfortunately the skull was missing with the exception of the right side of the lower jaw, in which the badly-wom teeth were remarkably small. The wisdom-tooth was present. The up per part of the body was on the back, the ribs and the remains of the spinal column between them, clearly vi si bIe. The lower extremities lie crossed over each other; the right upper and lower leg lie with their posterior surface flat on the ground. The left leg was found in a position showing that the knee projects a little laterally from the middle of the right upper leg. The right leg is also bent in the hip and more still in the knee. Above the cranial part of the right femur, part of the pelvis is to be seen. Right tibia and fibula lie parallel, the fibula slightly behind and cranially in regard of the tibia. Both are broken in several pieces. The left tibia and fibula lie not as fully parallel as the right ones. The condyles are slightly crossed, fibula on top, the cranial parts diverging about 6 cm. Left femur, broken in five pieces, lies c10ser to the surface. (PI. 27). The skeleton was lost due to the war before it was properly examined by an expert. When classifying the material from the Tuban Caves which had been excavated by Willems in 1938, I found many flakes and blades which had been discovered in association with artifacts of sheIl, bone daggers, bone spatuias of the Sampung type, and also winged bifacial and monofacial arrow-heads; the Muduk bone point also occurs. But it is better to wait for a full description of the material before going further into the matter. Finally Franssen collected a series of waste products and implements of obsidian, jasper and silicified limestone in the eroded valleys of a

126 Described by von Koenigswald.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
reddish brown lateric soil on the edge of a young volcano-mantle of the Salak Mountain at Leuwiliang, Bogor, in 1939.127

C. Su m a tra. In 1913 August TobIer from Switzerland did an exploratory excavation in the Ulu Tjangko Cave in Djambi, up-stream between the Marin- gin and Batang Tabir Rivers. The cave is situated in the limestone mountain which in some places is intersected by volcanic intrusions. In addition to 12 cores, the finds comprised 3 arrow-heads, 4 core-scrapers, 13 scrapers, 6 gravers, 2 borers, 14 retouched flakes, 123 flakes with edge chippings as a result of use and 118 flakes with marginal retouches. All implements we re of obsidian and show remarkable likeness to thc obsidian items of the Bandung Plateau. The very few human skeletal remains from this cave are cranial fragments, small-sized teeth, a fragment of the lower jaw with chin eminence, fragments of humerus, tibia and femur, perhaps showing a human race of small stature. The fossa olecrani of the humerus was perforated. Sarasin thought that they were the remains of short Veddoid ancestors of the Kubus who lived in the mountains. The finds are now in the Ethnological Museum in Basel, Switzerland. Some years later, J. Zwierzycki 128 dug up a similar industry in a
. cave near Ngalan in the same area during the Palaeobotanic Djambi Expedition. The artifacts were made of obsidian and other stone. These finds are kept in tbe Geological Museum at Bandung. In J uly 1939 Van der Hoop coUected obsidian artifacts of the same type in the Danau Gadang Estate near Lake Kerinchi, Eastcoast of Sumatra. The lake's level lies 783 me tres above the sea-level. Although Van der Hoop himself remarks : "The large size of many of these microliths is remarkable. Geometric forms as presented by the Tardenoisean were not found",129 he maintains the terms 'microliths'. Reports on the presence of similar stone cultures from the other Indonesian islands are scanty.

D. Borneo. Borneo, so difficult to travel, has attracted only a few explorers. But
A. H. Everett discovered as early as 1878-79, what is probably a Mesolithic Flake Industry in caves in Serawak. The implements were made of quartz. 1. H. N. Evans found numerous flakes of quartz and chert on the mountain ridge in the Tempassuk region. 130 127 Franssen; '41, 531-45. 128 Zwierzycki; '26, 63-67. us Van der Hoop; '40, 200-4. 130 Evansj '38, 141-46.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 107

E. T heL e s ser S u n dal sla n d s. Little is known from these islands. A. Bühler carried out excavations in seven pi aces on Roti Island and scored success in two of them. Roti is a smal! island southwest of Timor, mainly consisting of raised Iimestone reefs. Caves are rare here. But in Western Roti, in Déngka, is an area with caves one of which, the Lua Neoal, yielded fIints at a depth from 20 cm. to one metre below the ground-Ievel. They have to be classed among the f1ake industries and show secondary chipping on the upper surface. The implements are rather primitive, but among them are a few good knives and points of yellow jasper and borers of red-brown and yellow jasper and a 11 cm. long and 6 cm. braad scraper. Vertebrates do not occur, but there were many shells of molluscs and a small tanged scraper of tortoise-shel1.131 The artifacts exeavated by Bühler and later by Willems in caves in Timor can probably only partly be classed among the flake industries. According to Sarasin mainly we are concerned here with an Early Neolithic culture which has developed from the Toalean. Fine tanged knives and blade-points, strangulated blades and smal! hand-axes constitute remarkable elements in these caves. 132 There were also many potsherds. Lately, Dr Th. Verhoeven discovered a primitive flake and blade industry in numerous caves and rock-shelters in West Flores.1 33. My own explorations in the same area (March-May 1952) were concerned with the excavation of two sm all rock-shelters. The first and most important one was called the Rundung Cave, situated near Wangka, Riung district. A great number of flakes and same blades of a semi-microlithic character, with a minimum amount of dressing, made from chert and obsidian, wcre collected. Many of them showed a distinct bulb of percussion; they have probably been used to cut and sharpen arrows, to bleed, scarify and incise in the way still practised in Melanesia and on the Andaman islands; concave scrapers and notched blades were obviously used to sharpen roundshafted weapons; there were also pointed bladelets, the butts of which are worked on in such a way th at they could he inserted in a split bamboo or stick, as arrow-heads. Micro points, made on bladelets, and other similar micro blades have na geometrie form whatever. The cores are irregular and flaked in all directions. It is obvious, 131 Sarasin; '36, 1--59. 132 Willems in Oudheidkundig Verslag 1938. 133 Verhoeven; '52, 95-98. '53,597--612.

Oma- ments were represented by small pendants of shell, mother-of-pearl, quartzite and obsidian; we found among others a lozenge-shaped pen- dant of mother-of-pearl and another of shell in the shape of a fish.

Fig. 20. Rock-paintings, Kei Islands.

A similar backward industry was found in the Soki Cave, half-way between Ruteng and Reo. The most surprising find was that of a microlith with battered-back of yellow-brown glass. It serves to prove th at palaeolithic foodgatherers occupied this cave till very recent times. On one of the Kei Islands hand-stencils occur next to pictures of masks, human figures with shields, fishes, boats and zoomorphic designs, done in the style with which we are already familiar from New Guinea and Australia (Fig. 20).

F. Ceram. On the coast of North Ceram near the village of Rumasokat on Seleman Bay, rock-paintings and series of hand-stencils have been discovered in five different places and on two levels; an ol der, badly weathered and reddish, and a younger, weil preserved and white. Beside hand-stencils there were human figures with raised arms which would represent gods keeping watch over the fishes, and lizards and fish pictures.134 All the above-mentioned flake and blade cultures may belong to one large culture group, which spread widely over the Indonesian Archipelago and finally reached the Australian Continent and Tasmania. 134 Röder; '38b, 19-28.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 109

REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

4.
Bandi, H. G. 1951:

Bell, F. L. S. 1940: Beyer, H. Otley 1947:

1948:

1951:

1952:

Brown, A. R R. 1933: Carthy, F. n Mc. 1940a:

1940b:

1948:

1949:

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1932:

Die Obsidianindustrie der Umgebung von Bandung in West Java. Südsee-Studien, Mus. f. Völ. kerkunde, Basel, 127-61. Rock-Paintings in New Guinea. Man, 60, 79.

Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by islands and provinces. The Philippine Journ. of Science, 77, 205-373. Philippine and East Asian Archaeology. Nat. research council of the Philippines. Manilla, 29, 1-130. A Tribute to Van Stein Callenfels. Journ. of East Asiatic Studies. Manilla, 1, 77-81. Notes on the Archaeological work of H. R. van Heekeren in Celebes and elsewhere (1937-

1950). Ibid, 3, 1-17. The Andaman Islanders. Cambridge and New Vork. A comparison of the Prehistory of Australia with that of Indo China, the Malay Peninsuia and the Netherlands East Indies. Proc. 3rd Congress of Prehistorians of the Far East, 30-50. The one point, known as Muduk in Eastern Australia. Rec. of the South Austr. Mus., 20, 313-19. The Lapstone Creek Excavation: Two culture Periods revealed in E.N.S. Wales. Ibid, 22, 1-34. The Prehistorie cultures of Australia. Austr. Medic. Pub!. Co Ltd., 19, 305-19. L' Age de la pierre dans la Province de Hoabinh (Tonkin). Mém. Serv. géo!. Indo Chine, 14. Hanoi. Gravures primitives sur pierre et sur os. BEFEO, 29, 273-87. Recherches sur la Préhistoire Indo Chinois. Ibid, 30, 299--422. Le Protonéolithe. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis, 93-95.

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Donnée provisoire des Mammifères trouvés dans la grotte de Sampoung à Ponorogo. Hommage Prem. Congr. Préhist. Extr. Orient, Hanoi. 3(}-31. Voorhistorische menschen en dieren in Java. De Tropische Natuur, 23, 229-35. On Prehistorie Mammals from South Celebes. Treubia, 17, 63-72. Human remains from rock-shelters and caves in Perak and Perlis and from Selingsing. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS, 12, 149-67. On the Shell-Mounds of Province Wellesley in the Malay Peninsuia. Trans. Ethn. Soc. London, 2, 119-29. Voorlopige mededeelingen over een nieuwe vindplaats van den praehistorischen mensch op Java. Hand. Vierde Ned. Ind. Natuurw. Congr., 468-74. The prehistorie remains in Sampoeng Cave. Res. of Ponorogo, Java. Proc. of the Fourth Pac. Science Congr. Java, 3,329-40. 'Melanesoid' Culture in Malaya. Bull. Raffles Museum, 1, 3, 141-46. Praehistorische werktuigen uit de omgeving van Leuwiliang in de residentie Buitenzorg. TBG, 81, 531-45. Bijdrage tot de kennis van het Toaliaan op Zuid Celebes. TBG, 83, 331-39. Untersuchungen über ei ne Melanesische Wanderstrasse. Wiss. Beiheft zum Deutschen Kolonialblatte, 7. Zur Urgeschichte Australiens. Anthropos, 31, 1-36.

Prehistorisch grotten onderzoek in Besoeki, Java. A. De Goea Betpoeroeh nabij Pradjekan. Djawa, 15, 123-29. Prehistorisch grotten onderzoek in Besoeki, Java. B. De Goea Sodong bij Poeger. Djawa, 16, 187-93.

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 111

Ara, een nieuwe prehistorische vindplaats in Zuid Celebes. TAG, 54, 30---33. Ontdekking van het Hoabinhien op Java. De Goea Mardjan nabij Poeger. TBG, 77,269-77. Aanteekeningen over een ingraving in de Liang Karassa nabij Maros. Tropisch Nederland, 10. 263-67, 281-85. Over Praehistorie in het algemeen en die van Besoeki in het bijzonder. Djember. De Liang Sari pa, een neolithisch station nabij Maros. TBG, 79, 112-18. Over Toala's en de Toalacultuur. (Zuid Celebes). Natuurw. Tijdschr. voor Ned. Indië, 101, 229-37. Rapport over de ontgraving van de Bola Batoe nabij Badjo, Bone, Zuid Celebes. OV, 1941-'47, 89-108. Korte Mededelingen: Het Hoabinhien in Zuid Borneo? TBG, 84, 4, 508-12. Rock-Paintings and other Prehistoric discoveries near Maros (S. W. Celebes). Laporan Ta- hunan Dinas Pur bak al a 1950, 22-35. Prehistoric Life in Indonesia. Djakarta. Urheimat und früheste Wanderungen der Austronesier. Anthropos, 27, 543-619. Prehistoric research in Indonesia. Ann. Bib!. Indian Arch., 9, 26-38. Prehistoric Research in the Netherlands Indies. Science and Scientists in the Nether. Indies. New Vork, 129-67. Prehistorische vindplaatsen bij Maros in Zuid Celebes. TAG, 68, 1, 21-30. Man and other Mammals from Toalian sites in Sth. Western Celebes. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. van Wetensch., 66, 7-160. Fossil Evidence of Australmelanesian Migration in Malaysia? Southwestern Journ. of Anthropology, 6, 416-22. Gewervelde Dieren uit het Quartair van Celebes. Vakblad voor Biologen, 10, 153-63. De Praehistorie. Gesch. van Neder!. Indië, 1, Amsterdam.

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THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 113

Steinwerkzeuge aus dem Muschelhugel von Bindjai-Tamiang in Nord-Sumatra. Wiener Prähist. Zeitsch., 25, 30-34. Melanesische sporen in Noord Sumatra? Cult. Ind. 93. De oudste cultuurstromen. In: Wat Indië ont- ving en schonk. Amsterdam, 7-55. On a Mesolithic Industry of the caves of Kwangsi. Bull. Geol. Soc. China, 14, 393-408. Les Océaniens. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis, 35-46. Vorläufiger Bericht über einige praehistorische Arbeiten der Leo Frobenius Expedition, aus- gesandt von Forschungsinstitut für Kulturmor- phologie zu Frankfort-Main. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East. Singapore, 233-34. Die Felsbilder im Fluszgebiet des Tola (Süd West Ceram). Paideuma, 1, 19-28. Felsbildforschung auf West Neuguinea. Paideuma, 1, 75-88. Reisen in Celebes, 2 vols. Wiesbaden.

Versuch einer Anthropologie der Insel Celebes,

1. Die Toala Höhlen von Lamontjong. Wiesbaden. Ergebnisse Naturw. Forsehungen auf Ceylon,
2. Die Steinzeit auf Ceylon. Nachtrag zu unserer Arbeit über die Toalahöhlen von Lamontjong Celebes. Wiesbaden. Recherches préhistoriques au Siam. L'Anthropologie, 63, 1-40. Ueber die Toala-Frage. Zeitschr. f. Rassenkunde, 1, 127-33. Beitrage zur Prähistorie der InseIn Timor und Roti. Verh. Naturf. Ges. in Basel, 47, 1-59. Ueber Spuren einer früheren weddide Bevölke- rung auf der lnsel Roti oder Rote bei Timor. Zeitschr. f. Rassenkunde, 7, 251-54. Neue litochrone Funde im Inneren von Sumatra. Verh. Naturf. Ges. in Basel, 25, 97-111. Sumatra. De Mijningenieur, 9, 235-43. Kjökkenmöddinger und Palaeolithikum in Nord Sumatra. TAG, 48, 905-23. Menschelijke skeletresten van Gol Ba'it, Sungai Sip ut, Perak, Maleische schiereiland. Mensch en Maatschappij.
   1938b:

1938c:

Sarasin, P. und F. 1905a: 1905b:

1908:

Sarasin, F. 1933: 1935:

1936:

1938:

Sarasin, P. 1914:

1928: 1931:

SnelI, C. A. R. D. 1948:

Schürmann, H. M. E. Kjökkenmöddinger en palaeolithicum in Noord

Stein Callenfels,

P. V. v. 1924: 1930:

1931 :

1932a:

1932b:

1933a:

1934: 1936a:

1936b:

1938a: 1938b:

Stein Callenfels,

P. V. v. and Noone, H. D. 1940: Tindale, E. K. 1937: Trattman, E. K. 1938: Tweedie, M. W. F. 1942: 1953: 1955:
H. R. VAN HEEKEREN

Human skeletal remains from Gol Ba'it, Sungai

Siput, Perak, Malay PeninsuIa. Acta Neerlandica Morphologica et Pathologica, 6, 4, 1-25. Melanesien und Indonesian. Zeitschr. f. Ethn., 6, 463---80. Het eerste paIaeolithische werktuig in den Archipel. OV, 127-33.

Problems of the Stone Age in the Far East. Proc. of the 4th Pac. Science Congr., Java 1929, 375-78. Note préliminaire sur les fouiIIes dans l'abri sous roche du Guwa Lawa à Sampung. Hommage Prem. Congr. Préhist. Extr. Orient, 16--32, Hanoi. Die Aufgaben der japanischen Prähistorie im Rahmen der internationaIen Forschung. Zeitschr. für Prähistorie: Shizengaku Zasshi, 4, 119-36. Some early migrations in the Far East. Man, 32, 283---84. De immigratie van de Papoea-MeIanesoiden. Mensch en Maatschappij, 9, 339. Korte Gids voor de Praehistorische verzameling. An Excavation of three kitchenmiddens at Gua Kepah, Provo WellesIey, Straits Settlements. Bull. Raffles Museum 1, 27-37. The Melanesoid Civilizations of Eastern Asia, Ibid, 1, 41-51. Het Proto-Toaliaan, TBG, 579---84. ArchaeoIogisch onderzoek in Celebes. TAG, 55, 138-44. Report on an excavation in the Rockshelter GoI Ba'it near Sungai Siput (Perak). Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East, Singapore, 119-25. ReIationship of the extinct Kangaroo IsIand culture with cultures of Australia, Tasmania and MaIay. Rec. of the South Austr. Mus., 6, 39-60. Notes on some human teeth from Gua Bintang, Bukit Chuping, Perlis. Bull. Raffles Museum, 7, 116--19. Prehistory in MaIaya. Journ. of the RoyaI Asiat. Soc., 1-13. The Stone Age in MaIaya. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS 26, 3-90. Prehistoric MaIaya. Background to MaIaya Series, 6, 1--43.

THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 115

Stenen werktuigen uit Flores, Indonesië. Anthropos, 47, 95-98. Eine Mikrolithenkultur in Mittel-und West Flores. Anthropos, 48, 597-612. Découvertes d'industries préhistoriques à Sumatra et dans la presqu'ile de Malacca. L'Anthropologie, 37, 229-31. Les cranes humains du gisement préhistorique 1909: de Pho-Binh-Gia. L'Anthropologie, 546-59. 1925: Les recentes découvertes préhistoriques en Indo Chine. L'Anthropologie, 35, 47.

J.

The cave-dwellers of Perak. Joum. Anthrop.

J.

De Mijningenieur, 7, 63-67.

111. NEOLITHIC

INTRODUCTION.

uring the period 1800-1850 Neolithic stone tools began to be collected in the Museum of the Royal Batavia Society, Djakarta,135 The first recorded publication of these stone tools is G. E. Rumphius in 1705 who shared the popular belief that they were thunderbolts.136 Subsequent publications incJude E. Swaving and W. Vrolik 1850,137

C. Leemans 1852, A. W. Kinder de Kamerq 1868, J. J. van Limborg Brouwer 1872 and C. H. Pleyte 1887. 138 Some of these early publications incJude descriptions and illustrations. A paper on the Stone Age of Celebes was published by A. B. Meyer and O. Richter 139 in 1902. More recently general syntheses of the Stone Age of Indonesia and its relations with South East Asia have been published by R. Heine Geldern 140 and P. V. van Stein Callenfels. In the absence of a cJear stratigraphy these surveys are based on the distribution of well-known types of stone tools, and on comparative linguistic evidence. Excavations have subsequently been carried out by van Heekeren in Java, and by van Stein Callenfels, A. A. Cense and van Heekeren in Celebes. 136v. d. Hoop; '41,20---165. 136Rumphius; 1705. 13TVrolik; 1850, 99-102. 138Leemans; 1852, 106-18. Limborg Brouwer; 1872, 67-88. Pleyte; 1887, 35-46. 139 Meyer und Richter; '02, 72-91. 140 Heine Geldem; '26, 51-53; '28, 809-43; '33, 543-619. '36, 32-36. '45, 136--42. Van Stein Callenfeis; '26, 174--80. Robert Heine Geldern, in spite of the limited knowledge of the neolithic period in Indonesia and the absence of nearly all stratigraphieal data, made several attempts to get a broad survey of the structure of the various neolithic civilizations and their distributions, as weil as to the epochs in which migrations took place. He based his study on comparative linguistics and used the deductive method based mainly on the geographical distribution of the stone tools and comparison with similar tools from Asia. One of the merits of van Stein Callenfels (who passed away in 1938), is the foundation of a prehistorie section in the Djakarta Museum.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 117

1. EXCA VATIONS.
2. J a v a. A Neolithic dweIIing site was excavated by the present writer at Kendeng Lembu, East Java in 1941. This site was discovered by W. van Wijland and J. Buurman in 1936. Agricultural work on the estates Kendeng Lembu and Pagger Gunung, lying south of Glenmore and between Djember and Banjuwangi, had revealed traces of Neolithic occupation. Many Neolithic workshops and settlements are believed to exist on these estates. The excavation which took place shortly before the outbreak of the war was never finished, and the finds and field notes were destroyed during the Japanese occupation. However, the main results have been recollected by the author, and are of sufficient importance to deserve publication. The stratigraphy of the site was clearly discernible. An upper layer 50 cm. thiek contained Majapahit pottery (1300-1600 A.D.) and Chinese coins of the Kèpeng type, while a lower layer 30 cm. thick contained a Neolithic habitation deposito N
   .~ ~.

'\

Fig. 21. Prehistorie sites with obsidian f1akes and blades round a

vanished lake near Bandung.

Quadrangular Adzes, and undecorated Neolithic potsherds.141 All the stone tools were made of grey-blue shale. They were found in all stages of manufacture showing that th is was a workshop site. Other implements included a cylindrical grinding stone with eight facets, two stone saws, and long heavy stone flakes with one cutting-edge, probably to be classified as knives. Large quantities of undecorated pottery were found. Some of these were restored by Buurman. They appeared to be simple hand-made vessels, with a marked carination and rolled rims.

2. Cel e bes. Sikendeng. In 1933 a trial excavation was made by A. A. Cense at Sikendeng where an Arnaravati Bronze Bhudda had previously been found. This site is on the right bank of the Karama River, West Central Celebes. During this excavation a few Quadrangular Adzes and many potsherds were discovered. Subsequent excavations by van Stein Callenfels at the same site resulted in the collection of a large quantity of Quadrangular Adzes and undecorated potsherds.1 42 Kalumpang. A further Neolithic settlement site was revealed during road making at Kalumpang, 93 km. up-stream on the Karama River. The site was first excavated by van Stein Callenfels in 1933 143 and subsequently by van Heekeren in 1949.1 44 The site is on a flat-topped hilI (Kamasi HilI) approximately 14 metres above the river-Ievel. The implements were recovered without stratification below the humus. On typological considerations, I have divided these into three classes. Group 1. Shouldered and side-hafted Adzes or Axes. Most of the specimens are manufactured from chert or slate. All specimens are flaked pebble-tools and are considered to have Hoabinhian 141 The thousands of potsherds might be taken as indications to the existence of a neolithic settlement. 142 Van Heekeren; 'Sla, 35. Van Stein Callenfels; '51,6. 143 Van Stein Callenfels; '50, 49-53. '51,82-97. 144 Van Heekeren; 'Sla, 26--48.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 119

affinities. The shouldered axes show no trace of polishing and are only worked on one flaked surface. The side-hafted axes have a polished cutting-edge and a lenticular cross-section. They are made with a crude lateral shoulder or lug where the butt meets the blade. This feature was presumably used in attaching a wooden haft. A violin-shaped adze without or with little polished surface is probably related to the crucle shouldered axes. (PI. 47).

Group 2. Quadrangular Adzes.

These tools are quite numerous at the site, and differ in workmanship and raw material from the axes of group I. They are made of grey-blue shale, and range from SY2 x 5 cm. to 2.2 x 0.9 cm. in size. Stone rings of varióus si zes, a stone bark-cloth beater, together with polished spear-heads of slate were also found at this site; they should be associated with this group, though stone bark-cloth beaters of the type found are still in use in this region.

Group 3. Specimens assigned ta the Early Metal Age.

This group includes small stone knives with polished cutting-edges, and polished tanged arrow-heads. These implements should be assigned to a later horizon of influences, since comparable specimens are known from Early Metal settlements in Cambodia. (PI. 37, 38). 95 % of the pottery from this site is undecorated and this as wel! as the simple omamented potsherds may be assigned to the Neolithic. The highly decorated pottery which makes up the remainder of the col!ection is from a later horizon. The decoration on this pottery with rectangular figures, squares, spirals, circlets and rosettes resembles those from the upper layers from the Samrong Sen collection in Cambodia. Fragmentary human remains were found on the site; the fauna included a small wild pig (Sus celebensis) and a domesticated variety (Sus vittatus) which is not native to Celebes.

Dating. It bas been stated before that all finds were made in the shallow surface layer (from 11 to 63 cm.) of the hilI. This layer consits of a drab, compact clay composed of volcanic material and mixed with marl. It contains augite in various conditions of weathering. This layer gave therefore the impression of being very young geologically. According to W. F. van Beers, who analyzed the soil samples, it could not he older

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN

/(ei ·bl. : ~jJ

Fig. 22. x Rock-painting sites in East lndonesia and New Guinea.

than one thousand years at the most. In this instanee we may speak of asenous retardation mainly eaused by isolation of the Kalumpang Peoples.

2. NEOLITHIC SURF ACE FINDS.
   Sumatra:

Westcoast A few large and small Quadrangular Adzes; Piek Adzes made of agate and blaek fine-grained vol- eanie rock.

Benkulen A few Quadrangular Adzes and Piek Adzes; among them one of a long and narrow type. The tools are made of agate and fine-grained basalt. (PI.

36).
Palembang A fair number of Quadrangular Adzes and Piek Adzes. A neolithie workshop near Bungamas between Lahat and Tebingtingih. The implements are made of red brown, grey or brown rock and lustrous ehalcedony.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 121

Numerous well-shaped Quadrangular Adzes, many of which made of semi-precious stone like chalcedony, jasper and silicified limestone. Collected by E. H. S. Schlegtendahl and now on display at the Djakarta Museum. Two Round Axes with oval eross-sections and more or less rounded necKs.

Numerous Quadrangular Adzes made of agate, jasper, silicified limestone; Piek Adzes and some armrings of chalcedony. Numerous Quadrangular Adzes and Pick Adzes, made of chalcedony, agate, jasper and black fine-grained basalt; a fair number of armrings of ehalcedony. Grinding stones with smooth surfaees and prismatie sections. Unfinished adzes made of chalcedony, agate and volcanic rock. Many Quadrangular Adzes, Piek Adzes, unfinished adzes. Armrings and polishing stones from neolithic workshops at Pasir Guda Estate,145 A stone bark-c1oth beater made of a light-grey stone: 127 x 46 x 63 cm. Quadrangular Adzes made of silicified limestone and ehalcedony. Numerous Quadrangular Adzes, Piek Adzes and half-finished adzes, stone armrings, a cylindrical grinding stone with facets, 159 mmo length. Most of the tools are made of chalcedony and jasper. Numerous Quadrangular Adzes and Pick Adzes, one of them measuring 430 x 91 x 30 mm; rings of ehalcedony and jasper and unfinished rings, found near Tasikmalaja by C. Franssen,146 A few Quadrangular Adzes and Piek Adzes; stone rings of ehalcedony. A few Quadrangular Adzes and Piek Adzes and grinding stones. Workshops in the Karangbolang mountains near Karanganjar.

145 Franssen; '41b, 531-44. 146 Franssen; '41a, 132-39.

122 H. R. VAN HEEKEREN

1 j

1Ij..

~ ~~~. .: '1:1 :i !::t~ " t!1J - X

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s J~ ;:s~ .i5 ~ ~ ~ ~

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I I \ i I

THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 123

Quadrangular Adzes and two Piek Adzes of semi- preeious stone. Kedu Many Quadrangular Adzes and a few Piek Adzes. Jogjakarta Numerous Quadrangular Adzes, a few Piek Adzes, rings made of Iimestone. Polishing stone, 130 mmo in length. Surakarta Numerous finished and unfinished Quadrangular Adzes, eoncave-based (winged), bifacially chipped arrow-heads, generally made of silicified Iimestone. Most of the tools from Wonogiri and Punung. No Piek Adzes. Madiun Numerous Quadrangular Adzes and stone arrow-heads. Most of these from the workshops of Punung. (More than hundred workshops are known from Punung). One bracelet of chalcedony. No Piek Adzes. Surabaja A few Quadrangular Adzes made of volcanie roek and ehalcedony. A few Piek Adzes. Madura A few Quadrangular Adzes made of basalt. Malang A fair number of Quadrangular Adzes and Piek Adzes and a few Proto-neoliths. The tools are made of chalcedony and black basalt. Besuki Numerous Quadrangular Adzes and Pick Adzes and unfinished adzes. Long gouges with circular cross-section. Small and slender gouges with tapering sides from the butt to the distal ends; un- commonly small chisels; roof-shaped adzes. Most of the tools are made of black or grey and green rock. Workshops and dwelling sites at Kendeng Lembu Estate, Glenmore. Bali N umerous Quadrangular Adzes and Pick Adzes of the Besuki type, some adzes with Ientoid cross-sections. Large and small gouges with semi-circular cross-seetions. Polishing stone with facets, 104 x 36 x 17 mmo Lombok None. Surnbawa None. Flores A few Quadrangular Adzes and a few Round Axes with oval cross-sections. Adonare A few Quadrangular Adzes.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
a.
' 0 MW'. ' n",, ""

6.
,I

Fig. 24.

a. Neolithie "horned" Bark-Cloth Beater, West Borneo.
Minahassa, North Celebes.

uneommonly small

western part; one horned bark-cloth beater (Fig. 24a) (of the so-called Philippine type) at Ampah,

THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 125

South and Eastern district;147 one Round Axe with oval cross-section and pointed neck from Pontianak (189 x 52 x 30 mm.); a few roof-shaped adzes. Many Quadrangular Adzes, a few Piek Adzes, three Stepped Adzes from Tondano and one item from the southwest part, one Stepped Adze from the Minahassa; ane Round Axe from the Minahassa, one highly polished Round Axe made of glossy black volcanic rock, blunt-pointed butt-end and oval cross-section (154 x 57 x 23 mm.), Sario River, Manado; one Round Axe from Pang- kadjene and one Round Axe from Bulukumba. Minango Sipakko (Karama River) discovered in 1949 by van Heekeren: Unstratified river bank site; eleven stone axes with oval cross-sections, made of chert; one horned bark-cloth beater of the Philippine type; associated with polished red ware, pottery with rectilinear incised decoration and stamped circle decoration. Sangir Island ane Quadrangular Adze made of black volcanic rock (83 x 41 x 14 mm.). South part of the island. Found by Dr Blankhart. ane highly polished Round Axe made of dark-green rock (75 x 45 x 22 mm.). Traces of hammer-dressing visible. Dumahang. Found by Dr Blankhart. Talaud Island ane Round Axe with pointed butt-end and bi- leve lIed cutting-edge; made of Tridacna shell (105 x 54 x 29 mm.); oval cross-section. Enna- wira, sou th part of the island. Found by Dr Blankhart. One Round Axe with pointed butt-end and bi- levelled cutting-edge and aval cross-section; made of Tridacna shell (84 x 40 x 20 mm.) Rainis. Found by Dr Blankhart. One Quadrangular Adze made of poor basalt, dull-grey (111 x 45 x 21 mm.) Rainis. Found by Dr Blankhart.

147 V. d. Hoop; '35,468-70.

VAN HEEKEREN

ane fragment of a Piek Adze with semi-circular

cross-section, made of dark-brown volcanie rock (73 x 56 x 33 mm.) Rainis. Found by Dr Blankhart. ane Quadrangular Adze, made of glossy black volcanic rock. (64 x 41 x 19 mm.) Rainis. Found by Dr Blankhart. ane oval adze with sharp sides; uni-Ievelled cutting-edge, made of light-brown volcanic rock ( 102 x 48 x 24 mm.) Essang. Found by Dr Blankhart.

3. NEOLITHIC TRADITIONS IN INDONESIA.
   In many plaees in the Archipelago pottery is still hand-made. A. C. Kruyt 148 relates that among the Western Toradjas in Central Celebes the technique of shaping pottery is very little known. The raw day is fetched and planted in the ground where it is believed to grow on its own accord. There exist several regulations and prohibitions pertaining to the making of pots. For instanee, it is not allowed to praise the women who are exdusively in charge of the work, because it is believed that the pots will break during the baking. The day is kept in a cool place and covered with fresh banana leaves. The next day, small portions of day are pounded on a flat stone with a round stone, sprinkled with water every now and then, and deaned and kneaded into balls. The balI of day is then moulded into the form of a pot or bowl by the thumb and the other fingers, the thumb pressing the wall outward from within, the fingers modelling the pot into shape at the outside. The pot is then finished by keeping a round, flat stone against the inside and by beating with a wooden bat till the day has gained the same thickness everywhere. During the process the pot is turned over and over again. Finally the edge of the mouth is eurved outwards with the fingers so as to obtain a turned down rim or neck. Evidently, the neolithic peoples of Indonesia made their dothes from beaten bark (stone bark-doth beaters have been found in Neolithic sites), and this procedure still flourishes in the most remote districts, for instance in Central Celebes. Kruyt 149 has colleeted important information concerning this industry among the Toradja tribes. It appears that not

148 Kruyt; '38,439--45. 149 Kruyt; '01, 139-91. Kennedy; '34, 229--43.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 127

all kinds of trees produce the proper bark, but only some wild-growing species (Trema amboinensis, Artocarpus blumei, Antiarsis Toxicaria, Sloetia minahassae, Ficus mulberry, Ficus sp., Urostigma sp.), whilst one species, the papermulberry Broussonnetia papyri/era, is especially culti- vated because it produces a suitable, white bark. The tree is ringed and the bark stripped off. The hard outer surface is removed and the inner-bark then folded and sometimes cooked, wrapped up in palm leaves and fermented for one to three days till the fibres are soft enough to be easily beaten. The stripes are usually half a metre long by ten centimetres wide and are laid upon each other to be felted together. The beating is done with wooden or stone beaters on a wooden board. The stone beater is a rectangular piece of stone, especially of serpentine, provided with grooves on both faces. Encircling the object is a wide groove to fit the springy rattan string by which the tooI is hafted to a rattan grip. When the bark has been crushed sufficiently, the pieces (fuya = tapa) are wind-dried on slats and afterwards treated with the juice of the uIa fruit (Strychnos ligustrina). The dried fuya is hard, but af ter having been folded, it is beaten to flexibility with clubs. Sometimes ornamental designs are beaten into the fuya with wooden or stone stamps. All the work pertaining to the manufacture of bark-cloth is done by women. Near the smaller tributaries of the Koro and Pakawari Rivers, there occur banks of serpentine which produce the material for the beaters. The stone is quarried on the spot and is either traded in its crude form or completely finished for use. Wh en finished, the beaters are cooked with buffalo beef or pork to ensure their strength. The method for fuya preparation was probably also employed during Neolithic times throughout Indonesia. The excavations of the Neolithic site at Kalumpang yielded a stone bark-cloth beater which matches in detail the hark-cloth beaters still used at present.

4. NEOLITHIC TOOLS.
   Polished and flaked stone tools and ornaments ascribed to the Neolithic in Indonesia may be divided into three classes and referred to three different culture complexes. This classification is summarised helow and the geographical distribution of the different tooi types in Indonesia, and in South East Asia is briefly described in each case.

5. T h e Q u a dra n g u I a r A d.z eCu I tu re. The majority of the Neolithic cutting tools in Indonesia may he

(PI. 34), and certain other classes of tools such as stone rings or quoits (Pl. 41) and bark-cloth beaters also (in most cases) may be regarded as belonging to the same culture complex. The geographical distribution of the Quadrangular Adze Culture is limited to Indonesia, the Malay PeninsuIa, Siam, Indo-China and parts of South China; and the presence of these tools in Indonesia should be aseribed to a wave of migration from the Asian continent between the second and first millennium B.C. Certain specialized types were developed in Indonesia, some of whieh were in use in historie times and may still belong to the native culture in the remoter parts of Indonesia. The Quadrangular Adze has the widest distribution of any Indonesian Neolithic implement. The distribution of these tools and of the specialized varieties described below suggests that Western Indonesia was the primary area of immigration. The typical Quadrangular Adze is square or oblong in shape and has a single levelled cutting-edge; its cross-section is either rectangular, square, quadrangular or an equilateral trapeze. The tooI is blocked out by flaking, and then highly polished. Many specimens suggest that a small stone saw and eoarse-grained sand were also used to cut out the tooI. The most common specialized tooI developed in the Quadrangular Adze Culture is the Piek Adze. (PI. 35). This tooI is probably related to the Beaked Adze of the Malay PeninsuIa, and has a wide distribution in Western Indonesia. The typical Pick Adze has a flat lower surface and a longitudinal or pentagonal cross-seetion. The tools are highly polished on all surfaces. Pick Adzes and other Quadrangular Adzes in South Sumatra and West Java are frequently made of semi-precious stones such as translucent serpentine, agate, and chalcedony. The use of these semi-precious stones, and the uncommon size of some specimens which show no traces of use, suggest that they may not have been intended for use as implements. Many specimens from Central and South Sumatra, and a few West Javanese specimens are characterised by lateral sides tapering from the butt to form a narrow cutting-edge (PI. 36). A specialized East Javanese Pick Adze is made from a lustrous fine-grained basalt. This variant is characterized by a semi-cireular eross-seetion, and generally has a cutting-edge faeetted from bath sides of the upper face (PI. 35c). In the Surakarta and Madiun Residences the Piek Adze does not oceur. The silieified limestone of these regions, though used for making adzes and arrow-heads, may have been found unsuitable for this specialized tooI type.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 129

Other taal varieties found in Indonesia are indicated below with their provincial areas of distribution.

a. Shield-shaped Adze. This tooi has a convex upper surface and a concave lower surface. lts distribution is confined to Malaya, Java, Sumatra and Bali.
b. Stepped Adze (Fig. 24b). Tweedie 150 describes this tooi as follows "Stepped Adze: in which the thickness of the tooi is abruptly diminished along a line near (and parallel) to the butt, forming a butt which presumably facilitated hafting". The distribution in Indonesia is confined to Celebes, a few specimens being found in Central and North Celebes and one specimen in Sou th Celebes. These tools are part of the Stone Age equipment in the Philippines and East Polynesia.
c. Shouldered Adze. Two varieties of this tooi are now distinguished: a crude shouldered adze with Hoabinhian affinities, and the highly polished shouldered adze of the Indo-Chinese Neolithic also known from Northem Annam in Proto-Historic times. Only the farmer variety is found in Indonesian collections. The Indonesian shouldered adze is a pebble tooi and is only worked on the upper surface. The butt-end of the implements is fIaked to form a crude tang, and no or littIe polishing is used in the process of manufacture. One variant of this implement is the laterally tanged adze. These not or little polished shouldered adzes are also known to occur in Tonkin, Southem China, Taiwan, Botel Tobago, the Philippines and Japan. A highly polished form is known in Eastem Polynesia.
d. Bracelets of stone and shell. A number of stone bracelets of different types have been found in Indonesia. Two examples deserve mention. At Krai (Surakarta, Java) shell brace lets we re recovered by G. H. R. van Koenigswald in association with Quadrangular Adzes (PI. 42) and shell beads. Chalcedony and jasper rings and bracelets were collected by Franssen 151 near Tasikmalaja, West Java, and though it has been suggested that these specimens may be long to the Proto-Historic period, th is has not yet been determined. 150 Tweedie j '53, 69-73. In Franssenj '41a, 132-39.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
Shell bracelets are still made by the Ifago and Igorot of Northern Luzon. Beyer has recorded the process of manufacture as follows: "holes (are) bored through the very hard Tridacna shell with drills made of a rather soft wood, the actual cutting of the shell being done by the fine sand which was constantly poured around the point of the drill. These wooden drills were of the common 'pump-drill' type in which the drill is operated by a cross-bar with cords and has a f1y-wheel in the centre, turning first one way and then the other as the cross-bar is pulled down. Among the Moros and other peoples in Mindanao and Sulu, drill-points of wood, bone and metal have also been in use".152

e. Roof-shaped adzes. (PI. 40). These tools have sharply sloping sides and arched upper surfaces. Some specimens are found with narrow necks.
f. Miniature chisels.
g. Elongated gouges. (PI. 39). These tools have semi-circular or triangular cross-sections. Some varieties are equiped with narrow cutting surfaces to which the sides converge. All these types are found in the Besuki area (East Java) and in Bali. Roof-shaped adzes and miniature chisels also occur in Northern Borneo, the Moluccas, Ceram and Tanimbar. The typology of these implements suggests that they form part of the Quadrangular Adze Complex in Indonesia. Miniature chisels are well-known from Neolithic associations in the Malay Peninsuia. However, roof-shaped adzes and cylindrical gouges also form part of the equipment of the East Polynesian Stone Age presumably of a more recent date, and the associations of these tools in Indanesia must be regarded as uncertain. No direct racial evidence concerning the authars of the Quadrangular Adze Culture was thus far obtained, but it bas been suggested by Heine Ge1dern 153 that it is connected with the migration of the fair-skinned and wavy-haired Austronesians or Malay-Polynesians into the Archipelago; the distribution of the Quadrangular Adze Culture seems approximately to coincide with that of the Austronesian languages. Owing to its enormous dispersion the influences of this culture 15~ Odey Beyer; '48, 88. lM Heine Geldem; '45, 136.

STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 131

are noticeable not only throughout Indonesia, but also so far as Mada- gascar in the West and Easter Island in the East. Heine Geldern's suggestion has been accepted a.o. by v. d. Hoop, van Stein Callenfels and van Naerssen. It seems to me, however, rather speculative to identify culture waves or migrations with the spread of a language. Heine Geldern's suggestion badly needs archaeological con- firmation. He also attributed 'an older' megalithic complex to the Quadrangular Adze Culture on the basis of its geographical distribution. The megaliths in question comprise stone-paved roads, stone terraces, walls, stone spirit seats, menhirs, circles, pyramids, monumental ancestral images, all of which can be traced throughout the area from Assam to Eastem Polynesia. The megaliths were erected as memorials for sacrificial ceremonies or in behalf of the dead. The occurrence of Neolithic megaliths of this kind in Eastem Polynesia may be considered as testimony for this statement, but on the other hand no Neolithic megalithic remains have as yet been encountered in Indonesia and Indo-China. It has been suggested that the dog and pig were kept partly for consumption and partly for sacrificial purposes; teeth of dogs and pigs in association with Quadrangular Adzes were found in Sou th China, Cambodia and Central Celebes. There is no evidence as yet conceming the use of cattle or buffalo in Neolithic times. The fowl (Gallus gallus gallus) was probably imported in a semi-domesticated form in Indonesia by way of the Philippines in Late Neolithic times. 154 There are some indications that the authors of the Quadrangular Adze Culture, prior to their arrival in Indonesia, knew how to cultivate rice; a Neolithic site in China yielded the special forms of reaping knives, probably used in harvesting rice, and corresponding in shape with the modem iron knives in South East Asia. Some Neolithic potsherds found in a Neolithic site in South China showed impressions of rice (Oryza sativa).155

2. T heR 0 u n d A x e s. The Round Axe (PI. 43) is characterised by a lenticular, oval or round cross-section, a bi-ievelled curved cutting-edge and a more or les! pointed or rounded neck. First roughly flaked into shape, this tooI is generally smoothed down by hammer-dressing and then polished. There are also specimens which are simply finished by hammerdressing. Accor- 164 Stresemann; '39, 312-425. Uili Edman, '29, 363--65.

VAN HEEKEREN

ding to MacCarthy,156 the distribution of the former types is more limited than that of the latter. The first Round Axe with a pointed butt was recorded from North Celebes at Sonder by the late Major Waworuntu. In the northem part of Borneo, too, several Round Axes have been found. For the rest, oval and Round Axes occur throughout Celebes. Museums in Indonesia and in foreign countries display Round Axes from the Moluccas, Leti, Tanimbar and Flores, and also some examples from the Eastcoast of Sumatra. Recently Dr D. M. Blankhart reported three Round Axes from Sangir Island and two examples from Talaud Island, two of which were made from Tridacna shell. Dr Blankhart's discovery has taken place in an area so far unexplored and is, therefore, of prime importance. The Round Axes from Manado, Talaud and Sangir are indistinguishable from those of New Guinea, where similar axes are still manufactured and used. The widespread occurrence of Round Axes in Japan 157 is well-known and the artifacts also occur in the Philippines. Judging by the nature of their distribution on the Asiatic Continent and in Indonesia, both van Stein Callenfels and Heine Geldem assumed that the Round Axe Culture did not enter Indonesia directly from India and Malaya, but, what is more probable, from Japan. F. Speiser 158 states that the representatives of this culture were Neo-Melanesians and in this connection the Buka are mentioned who introduced the plank-boat and the so-called coiled pottery, but it seems that the conclusions are based on imperfect information. For the time being, we are not certain at all who were the authors of the Round Axe Culture, the pattern of which is quite un- known.

3. S ton e A r r 0 w-h e a d s. The occurrence of Neolithic arrow-heads in Central Java and South Celebes is rather curious. The implements under discussion are triangular projectile stone points with concave (winged) or in some instances convex base (PI. 44, 23, j, k, I, m, nl. Nearly all artifacts from Java are 156 MacCarthy; '40, 40--43. 157 Groot; '5lo 158 Speiser; '38, 463-80. The Buka are of medium stature, intensely black and having a beak-like nose; their Iips are not so thick as those of the Palae-Melanesians. According to Speiser they introduced the Round Axe in New Guinea and at a later date in the Melanesian islands where they still live on Buka, Nisan, Bougain- ville, New Ireland and the northem part of the Solomons.

STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 133

made of silicified IÏmestone and betray a far-advanced technique. The majority are chipped on both surfaces. Their measurements vary considerably, but most implements are about six centÏmetres in length. Small examples of one and a half centimetres length or less, are decidedly rare. It is supposed that they were employed for bird hunting. Of the whole of these arrow-heads I have seen on Java, only one piece had barbed sides. This item is in Roubolt's collection in Bandung. Stone arrow-heads have been found in Java in the Sampung Cave near Ponorogo and in other caves near Bodjonegoro and Tuban and numerous pieces were collected in the neolithic workshops round Punung in Central Java, but they are entirely absent in the most western and eastern part in Java. The upper layers of the Toale caves in Southern Celebes yielded many such stone arrow-heads; in the same stratum also potsherds occurred. In shape and workmanship they differ in several respects considerably from those found in Java. They are smaller and flatter, and generally chipped on one face only. Moreover, the sides are frequently barbed. (PI. 45). Since no such implements have been encountered on the Asiatic continent, but on the other hand they are frequent in Japan and the Philippines, we may take it that these arrow-heads were introduced by way of the last mentioned islands, as has been already suggested both by van Stein Callenfels and Reine Geldern.159

158 Heine Geldem; '45, 136.

VAN HEEKEREN

REFERENCES AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.

5.
Abdul-Azis, Engku 1932: Andersson, J. G. 1923: 1934:

Arne, F. J. 1925: Beyer, H. Odey 1947:

1948:

1951:

1952:

Bylin, Margit 1932: Carthy, F. D. }'b.~ 1940:

1949:

Colani M. 1927:

1930:

1932:

Condominas, G. 1952: Eberh~'d, W. 1950:

Neoliths from Jehore. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS,

10. An early Chinese culture. Bull. Geol. Surv. China, 5, 1-68. Children of the Yellow Earth. Studies in Prehistorie China. London. Painted stone age pottery from the Province of Honan. Palaeontologica Sinica DI. Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology by islands and provinces. The Philippine Journ. of Science, 77, 205-373. Philippine and East Asian Archaeology. Nat. research council of the Philippines. Manilla, 29, 1-130. A contribute to Van Stein Callenfels. Journ. of East Asiatic Studies. Manilla, 1, 1, 77-81. Notes on the Archaeological work of H. R. van Heekeren in Celebes and elsewhere (1937-
    1950). Journ. of East Asiatic Studies. Manilla, 1, 3, 1-17. Notes sur quelques objets néolithiques trouvés à Formosa. MF A. Comparison on the Prehistory of Australia with th at of Indo China, the Malay PeninsuIa and the Neth. East Indies. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East. The prehistorie cultures of Australia. Austr. Med. Pub!. Co. Ltd, 19, 305-319. L' Age de la pierre dans la Province de Hoabinh (Tonkin). Mém. Serv. géo!. Indo Chine, 30, 299-422. Recherches sur la Préhistoire Indo Chinois. Mém. Serv. géo!. Indo Chine, 30, 299-422. Le Protonéolithe. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis, 93-95. Le lithophone préhistorique de Ndut Lieng Krak. BEFEO, 45, 2, 359-393. A history of Chine. Berkeley and Los Angelos.

11. H. N.
    1913:

1928a:

1928b:

1929:

1930a:

1930b:

1931:

Edman, G. and Söderberg, E. 1929: Finn, D. J. 1932: Fischer, H. Th. 1937: 1939:

Franssen, C. J. H. 1941a:

1941b:

THE STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 135

On a collection of stone implements from the

Tempassuk District British North Borneo. Man, 28,25-26. On a find of stone implements associated with pottery. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 12, 5, 133-135. Further notes on stone implements associated with pottery. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 12, 5, 143-144. Further notes on a find of stone implements with pottery. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 12, 7, 175-176. On a stone spear-head from Kelantan. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 15, 1, 1-3. Malayan types of stone implements in India, Burma and the Andamans. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 15, 1, 9-11. A note on beaked stone adzes. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 15, 2, 67-68. Auffindung von Reis in einer Tonscherbe aus einer etwa fünftausendjährigen Chinesische Siedlung. Bull. Geo!. Soc. China, 8, 363-365. Archaeological finds on Lama Island near Hongkong. Hongkong Naturalist. Reispflücken und Reisschneiden in Indonesien. IAFE, 34, 83-104. Das Indonesische Reismesser ausserhalb Indo- nesiens. Paideuma, 1, 147-152. Over het voorkomen van prehistorische steenen ringen op Java. Natuurw. Tijdschr. v. Neder!. Indië, 101, 5, 132-139. Prehistorische werktuigen uit de omgeving van Leuwiliang in de residentie Buitenzorg. TBG, 81, 531-544. The Prehistory of Japan. New York.

Note on some neolithic implements from Borneo. Man, 51, 21-23. Hong Kong Celts. Bull. Geol. Soc. of China, 7, 3-4. A contribution to the Prehistory of Hongkong and the new Territories. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis, 63-76. Gepolijste steen en bijlen in Besoeki. Djawa, 12, 203-206. Rapport over de ontgraving te Kamasi, Kalumpang, West Central Celebes. OV, 1949, 26-48.

Groot, G. J. 1951: Harrison, T. 1951: Heanly, C. M. 1928: Heanly, C. M. and Shellshear 1932: Heekeren, H. R. van 1932: 1951a:

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
Penjelidikan Prehistori. Sekitar Penjelidikan Purbakala. Korte Mededelingen. Getrapte dissel in Zuid Celebes. TBG, 84, 510. Note on H. Otley Beyer's "A Tribute to Van Stein Callenfels". Journalof East Asiatic Studies, 1, 3, 141. Prehistoric Life in Indonesia. Djakarta. Die Steinzeit Südostasiens. Sitzungsberichte der Anthr. Ges. Wien, 51-53. Ein Beitrag zur Chronologie des Neolithikums in Südostasiens. Festschr. P. W. Schmidt, Wien, 809-843. Ausleger und Doppelboote im inner en Hinter-Indien. Der Erdball, 5, 373-380. Urheimat und früheste Wanderungen der Austronesier. Anthropos, 27, 543-619. Prehistoric research in Indonesia. Ann. Bib!. Indian Arch., 9, 26-38. Prehistoric Research in the Netherlands Indies. Science and scientists in the Netherlands Indies, 129-167. Research on Southeast Asia: Problems and Suggestions. American Anthropologist, April, 149-175. Een neolithische boomschorsklopper uit Borneo. TBG, 75, 468-470.

De Praehistorie: Gesch. van Neder!. Indië. Catalogus der Praehistorische Verzameling. Batavia. The outrigger canoes of Indonesia. Madras. 1920: 1943: Outrigger devices: distribution and origin. Journ. of the Polynesian Society, 52, 1-100.

Vers!. en Med. Kon. Ned. Akad. van Wetensch. Amsterdam, 6, 270-287. Koenigswald, On the classification of some stone implements

G. H. R. von from Java and New Guinea. Abstracts Eighth 1953: Pac. Science Congr. Manilla, 531. Krom, N. J. De praehistorische archaeologie van Java en Su- 1926: matra. Mensch en Maatschappij, 2, 378-379. Kruyt, A. C. Geklopte boomschors als kleedingstof op Midden 1901: Celebes en hare geographische verspreiding in

Paul 1948: Limburg Brouwer,

J. J. v. 1872: Linehan, N. 1928: Maas, A. 1914: Linn, Huisiang 1940: Maglioni, R. 1938: 1940: Mansuy, H. et Colani, M. 1925: Mansuy, H. et Fromaget, L. 1924: Menghin, O. 1928: Meyer, A. B. und Richter, O. 1902/03: Modigliani, E. 1894: Munro, Neil G. 1914: Naerssen, F. H. v. 1946: Noone, H. D. 1939: 1941:
THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA 137

Indonesië. IAFE, 14, 139-191. De West Toradjas op Midden Celebes. 5 vol. Amsterdam. Stone implements from Botel Tobago Island. Man, 38, 161-163. Over steen en wiggen op Java en eenige andere steenen voorwerpen op Borneo gevonden. Tijdschr. voor de Wis-en Natuurk. Wetensch., 5, 106---118. Recherches préhistoriques dans la Région de Mlu Prei. Hanoi. Steen en beitels in 't Museum van 't Bataviaasch Gen. TBG, 18, 67-88.

Some discoveries on the Tembeling. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS, 6, 66---77. Ein Steinbeil aus Kerintji. Zeitschr. f. Ethn., 46,81-86. A neolithic site in Wuping, Fukien. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East. Singapore, 133-141. Archaeological finds in Hoifung. Hong Kong Naturalist, 7, 208-244. Some aspects of Sou th China Archaeological finds. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East. Singapore, 209-229. Contribution à l'étude de la Préhistoire de l'lndo Chine. Mém. Serv. Géol. Indo Chine, 13.

Stations néolithiques de Hong-Rao et de Khe-Tong, Annam. Bull. Serv. Géol. Indo Chine, 13.

Zur Steinzeit Ostasiens. Festschr. P. W. Schmidt,

Wien. 908-942. Steinzeit in Celebes. Miszellen Abh. und Ber. Kön. Zool. und Anthr. Ethn. Mus. Dresden, 72-91. L'isola delle donne. Viaggio, Engano. Milano.

Prehistoric Japan. Yokohama.

De oudste cultuurstromen. In: Wat Indië ont- ving en schonk. Amsterdam, 7-55. Report on a new neolithic site in Ulu Kelantan. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 15, 4, 170-174. A proposed classification of Malayan polished stone implements. Journ. Fed. Malay St. Mus., 15, 4.

Patte, E. 1923: 1924:

Pleyte, C. M. 1887:

Rivet, P. 1932: Rumphius, G. E. 1705: Saurin, E. 1938:

1952:

Shellshear, C. M.

1932. Skinner, H. D. 1940:
      H. R. VAN HEEKEREN
      Note sur la préhistorique Indochinois. Bull. Serv. Géol. Indo Chine, 12, 1. Le kjökkenmödding néolithique du Bau-Trou près Dong-Hoi. BEFEO, 24, 521-536. De praehistorische steen en wapenen en werktuigen uit den Oost Indischen Archipel, beschouwd uit een archaeologisch en ethnologisch oogpunt. Bijdr. TL V, 36, 586-604. Les Océniens. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis. 35-46. D'Amboinsche Rariteitenkamer. Amsterdam.

Henri Mansuy (1857-1937). Proc. 3rd Congr. of Praehistorians of the Far East, Singapore, 313-316. Station néolithique avec outillage en silex à Nhommalat, Laos. BEFEO, 46, 297-303. A Contribution to the Prehistory of Hongkong and the New Territories. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis, 63-76. Maori adzes, axes, chisels and gouges from the Muruhiku regions, New Zealand. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East, Singapore. 142-172. Melanesian and Indonesian. Zeitsch. f. Ethn., 6,463-480. Bijdrage tot de Chronologie van het Neolithicum in Z.O. Azië. OV, 174-180.

Problems of the stone-age in the Far East. Proc. of the Fourth Pac. Science Congr. Java, 1929, 3,375-378. Die Aufgaben der japanischen Prähistorie im Rahmen der internationalen Forschung. Zeitschr. f. Prähistorie, Shizengaku Zassi, 4, 119-136. Some early migrations in the Far East. Man, 32, 283-84. Korte Gids voor de Praehistorische Verzameling. The round axe in the Archipelago. Proc. 3rd Congr. of Prehistorians of the Far East. Singapore, 131-132. Voorlopig verslag van Dr P. V. van Stein Callenfels over zijn Galoempang onderzoek.

O.V., 1949, 49-53. Prehistoric sites on the Karama River, West Toradjaland, Central Celebes. Journ. of East Asiatic Studies. Manilla, 1, 82-97.
Speiser, F. 1938: Stein Callenfels,

P. V. van 1926: 1930: 1932a: 1932b: 1934: 1940: 1950: 1951:

C.
1850:

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WiIIiams-Hunt,

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THE STONE AGE OF INDONESlA 139

Die Vögel von Celebes. Journ. f. Ornithologie, 87, 312-425. Berigt en afteekening van eenige steenen wiggen en wapenen. Natuurk. Tijdschr. voor Ned. Indië, 1, 81-85. Restes néolithiques de la Manchouria méridionale et de la Mongolie Orientale. Praehistorica Asiae orientalis. Prehistory in Malaya. Journ. of the Royal Asiat. Soc., 1-13. The Malayan Neolithic. The Polynesian Society. Wellington, New Zealand, 58, 19-35. The Stone Age in Malaya. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS, 26, 2. Monograph 1, 1-90. Prehistorie Malaya. Background to Malaya Series, 6. Berigt over zes steenen wiggen op Java gevonden. Tijdschr. voor de Wis-en Natuurk. Wetenseh. 3, 99-102. Recent archaeological discoveries in Malaya. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS, 24, 1, 186-191.

The prehistory of Malaya. Journ. Mal. Branch RAS, 15, 1, 181-190. The Malayan pottery of Perak. Journ. Anthrop. Inst. 33, 24.

H. R. VAN HEEKEREN

IV. AN ATTEMPTED CHRONOLOGY

OF THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA

THE PLEISTOCENE PERIOD

Tji Djolang:

5-6 %

141 THE STONE AGE OF INDONESIA

THE HOLOCENE PERIOD

Fauna Achin Elephas max. bear, deer, Rhinoceros sond.

Sampung: Elephas max. Rhinoceros Sond. Cervus eldi

Hominids up-Dolichoce- lift accompa-phalic me- nied by tilt-galodonts ing; deposi- tion of the lower stream-terraces Mesocephalic megalodonts

Toalean: Sus celebensis Babyrousa Anoa depr. Phalanger ursinus Phalanger celeb.

Archaeology MESOLITHIC Bacson-H oabinhian: Sumatraliths, 'short' axes, pestles and mortars. Tools fashioned from rhyolite and andesite; kitchenmiddens, red ochre.

Sampungan: spatulas, awls and daggers of bone and hom; stone pestles and mortars. Red ochre; flexed burial. adornments: perforated shells and animal teeth.

Toalean I: Flake-tools, crude blad es, pedunculated tools. Toalean 11: Microliths, blade-tools, composite stone tools of chalcedony, jasper and obsidian. Rock-paintings in striped line technique; negative hand-stencils. Human skeletal parts as mementoes; amulets of stone and mother-of-pearl.

NEOLITHIC Quadrangular Adze Culture Quadrangular Adzes, Pick Adzes; armlets and beads of stone and shell. Pottery. Bark-cloth. Headhunting; dogs and pigs for food and saerificial purposes.

Late Quadrangular Adze Culture Quadrangular Adzes, stepped adzes, erude shouldered axes, stone rings; bark-cloth.

Round Axe Culture Round axes, coiled pottery.

Toalean 11: barbed, winged arrow-heads. Muduk points, potsherds.

Pygmoids

Early Indonesians?

Malayo-Polynesians?

Neo-Melanesians?

recent domesticated dog and pig

recent domesticated dog, pig and fowl

recent domesticated dog,. and pig

Df C. H. R. oon KDenÎ,swaZd. PI. IA and IB. Pithecanthropus 11. Above, lateral view. Below, vertical view.

2. Stratigraphy of the Sangiran Dome.
   PI. 3. View of the Kabuh Beds, overlain by Notopuro Beds, North of Ngebung, Sangiran Dome; in the fore-ground the basal conglomerate layer where an additional mandible of Meganthropus was found.

Baksoka River: a bouldergravel 1 ~ metres above the level of the river, containing palaeoliths.

Pl. 5. Implementiferous red-gravel 7 metres above stream-Ievel resting on tuff.

ol G. H. R. van Koeni,swald.

PI. 6A and 6B. Homo modjokertensis. Above, lateral view, left side. Below, vertical view.

7. Long, bifacial Hand-Axel89 x 118 x 72 mmo Baksoka River.
   Pl. 8. Round, bifacial tooI 120 x 114 x 65 mmo Baksoka River.

10 CM. I

s By courlesy ol Hallam L. Movius Jr. PI. 9. Patjitanian implements from South-Central Java.

of Hallam L. Moviu! Jr.

PI. 10. Patjitanianimplements from South-Central Java. 1-4 Proto Hand-Axes.

(Vz)

PI. 11. Patjitanian implements South-Central Java. 1-2, 4-6 Choppers. 3 Chopping-tooi.

15-20 m. terrace Baksoka RiveT.

13a. Keeled 'Flat-iron' Chopper 204 x 94 x 94 mmo 15--20 m. terrace Baksoka River.

Pl. 13b. Cleaver on flake, 108 X 125 X 58 mmo 15-20 m. terrace Baksoka River.

X and X I

Af ter F. Weidenreieh.

PI. 14. Homo soloensis. Skull X. A. lateral view, left side. B. frontal view. Skull XI. C. occipital view. D. vertical view.

15. Upper Pala('olithic Flakc-tools. San~iran. ll\·a.

16. Skull of Homo wadjakensis, Java.
    PI. 17. Upper Palaeolithic Flake-tools. Tjabengè, South Celebes.

17. Bifacial Hand-Axe. East Coast of Sumatra.
    PI. 19. Saentis Kitchenmidden. East Coast of Sumatra.

••

922.

• 12f. UZ!.
  PI. 20. Sumatraliths and shells. Saentis Shell Mound, Eastern Sumatra.

B

_ ~ _ lIIIi _ _-jIO cm

PI. 22. 'Sumatraliths'.

21. Debris and discarded material. Saentis Kitchenmidden, A. flaked surface. B. smooth, unworked side. C. flaked surface.
    East Coast of Sumatra. D. smooth, unworked side.

Cave, Sampung, East Java.

24 Human skeleton (flexed burial), Gua Lawa, Java.

PI. 25. Sampung slaulI. a; frontal view, b; lateral view.

impIPments. Gedeh Ca\"(', Tuban, Java.

1'1. :!tih. SI,,'11 illlp!"IIl('lltS. Sodollg Ca\·('. Puger. J;I\'''.

o -

Rock-painting of a baar In red striped linc tcchnique. PattaE C;I'·C. East of Maros, Sth. Celebe

PI. :)~. ;-';egatin' Hand-stencil on a red, backgToLlIHI. BLlrtlng· Ca\"('. East of Maros. Sth. CP!cbcs.

0 I ...: ~ I-c '" "

Decoratcd potsherds from Minango Sipakko. West Central Celebes.

[rom Kalumpang. West Cent ral Cejpbes.

0" f J J

'- ". ~ L:: if -S~ "~ ~] " Cl " ç 15 - :f '"' ~ cO cr;

-

~

~ ~--,IO cmJ

-~- -

PI. 4 3. Round Axes: A. C. D. from ~ew Guinea : B. E. from Celebes: PI. 44. Winged Stone Arrow-Hcads, Punung, Central Java.

F. G. from East Sun"'tra

45. Barbed Stane Arrow-Heads; Upper-Taalean, South Celebes. PI. 46. Unfinished and finish"d Quadrangular Adzes, Central Java.

;,.---,----...1 ..-.----.-.--1-110 c

PI. +i. Violin-shaped and Quadrangular Adzes and polished stone Arl'Ow-Heads from Kalumpang. West Central Celebes.