Baca PDF (OCR): Presidential decree no. 5 of 1960 concerning regional legislatures

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PRESIDENTIAL. 5

CONCERNING

-Indonesia-

EAST ASIAN

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PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 5 OF 1960

CONCERNING REGIONAL LEGISLATURES

-Indonesia-

[Followingis a translation of an unsigned article in

the Indonesian-language newspaper Pikiran Rakjat(People's Opinion), Bandung ,Vol. XI, No. 102, September 29, 1960, Pages 1 & 2.]

The Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat Daerah Gotong-Rojong (Regional Mutual Assistance Legislature)and the Sekretariat Daerah (Regional Secretariat) were confirmed by the Presidential Decree No. 5/1960 on September 23,1960, which was pronouncedvalid as of that date. The Presidential Decree No. 5/1960 consists of 7 chapters which contain 23 articles. The full contents of the Presidential Decree No. 5/1960 are as follows :

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL DEFINITIONS

Article One

(1) What is meant by"Dewan Perwakilan Rakjat Daerah Gotong-
Rojong ," hereafter to be called DPRD-GR, is the Regional People's Representative Mutual Assistance Council, i.e., Legislature,which is based on this Presidential Decree,and which will exist until replaced by theDPRD (not yet formed) according to the law as indicated by Article 18 of the Constitution.

(2) What isby the total of the-is
the total indicated in Article 7 paragraphs ( 1) and ( 2 of No. / ( State Gazette No. 6/1957, State Gazette Supplement No. concerning fundamentals of regionalgovernment.

(3) isby Perwakilan Rakjat Daerah " Regional
People's Representative Council, i.e., Legislature hereafter called isnamely :

a. the transitional period DPRD,whoseorganizationis based on Law No. 14/1956.
b. the DPRD whoseorganizationis based on the election regulationsin the region concerned.
C.the DPRD whose organizationis based on Law No. 19/1956, and which become the new DPRD,based on the Presidential Decree No. 6/1959, concerning regional government when perfected.
(4) At the provincial level, the "higher authority" refers to

the Minister of the Interior, while on the countylevel, it refers to the head of the provincial.

(5) What is meantby the regional head"is based on the Presi-
dential Decree No. 6/1959, concerning regional perfected.

Article 2

(1) The Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development
renews allexistingDPRD's.

(2) The Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development
organizes the formation of all provincial and countyDPRD-GR's, which consist of representatives from politicaland functional groups, based on an equal number of representatives from each group and with a majority from the functionalgroupsif the total member- shipof the DPRD is uneven.

CHAPTER II

DPRD-GR MEMBERSHIP

Article 3

With consideration for the definition in Article 4, a citizen of the Republic of Indonesia can be appointeda member of the DPRD-GR who:

a.fulfills the requirementsof DPRD membership as defined in Law No. One/1957 concerning fundamentals of regional government.
b. agrees with the Constitution of 1945,Indonesian Socialism, Guided Democracy, Guided Economy,and Indonesian Personality.
C. agrees with and preparesto join incarrying out the Political Manifesto of the Republicof Indonesia, dated August 17, 1959.
-2-

Article 4

(1) Members and former members of organizations or partieswhich
were dissolved as forbidden by the proper authorities based on the Presidential Decree No. 7/1959 and the Presidential Regulation No. 13/1960 are not allowed to become DPRD-GR members with the excep- tion of those whoby stressing in wordand deed their approval of the regulations of Article 3b and 3c receive a favorable evaluation from the higher authority.

(2) Members of organizations or parties prohibited by the proper
authorities in a particular region cannot occupyDPRD-GR seats in that region.

(3) When the prohibition order indicated inparagraph ( 2) of
this articlegoverns only a portion of a province, then, regarding the membership of the DPRD-GR in that particularprovince, the regulation in paragraph (2) is validonlyif a member, at the time of the issuance of this prohibition order, lived in that portion of the province where his organization or party wasprohibited.

Article 5

Theregionalhead proposes to the higher authority as many as twice the number of candidates to be appointedDPRD-GR members in his region as there are seats. In the specified manner, each group complies with the regulationin Article 2 paragraph ( 2 ).

Article 6

Observing the definitions in Article One paragraph (2) and Article 2 paragraph ( 2), the higher authority then appoints the DPRD-GR members.

Article 7

When in some circumstances theregional head has not been appointed, then the organizationof the DPRD-GR in the region concerned ispostponeduntil the regional headisappointed.

Article 8

Minister of the Interior regulates situations in which DPRD-resign or are dismissed also the of filling vacancies in the-

CHAPTER III

DPRD-GR LEADERSHIP

Article 9

(1) The DPRD-GR leadership consists of a chairman who is assisted
by a vice-chairman.

(2) Theregional head,because of his office,is chairman, but
he is not a member of the DPRD-GR.

(3) Theregional head proposesto the higher authority thenames
of candidates for vice -chairman, which chosen by and from among DPRD-GR members.

(4) The higher authority appoints the vice-chairman fromamong
the candidates mentioned inparagraph (3) of this article.

(5) The Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development
regulates the performanceof the DPRD-GRleadershipin a situation where the regionalhead/chairman of the DPRD-GR is not able to pre- side.

Article 10

The DPRD-GRleadershipand members are appointedto the same term of office which is specified in Article 16.

Article 11

(1) Before performingtheir duties, the chairman, vice-chair-
man, and members of the DPRD-GR take an oath (promise ) of office in accordance with their ownreligion(faith) in the presence of authorities qualified to appointthem or officials who have been authorized to administer the oath.

(2) Thewording of the oath (promise ) mentioned above in this
article is defined by the Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development.

Article 12

The status and financial position of the chairman, vice-chairman, and members isregulated by the Ministerof the Interior and Auto- nomousDevelopment.

CHAPTER IV

DPRD-GR POWER ,DUTIES,

Article

Theregional head together with the-exercises thepower, duties, andobligations of the regional on the legislative level.

Article 14

(1) The GPRD-GR defines itsdisciplinary regulations, taking
into consideration the advice of the Minister of the Interior and

Autonomous,in this situation isguided by the Presidential Regulation No. 14/1960 concerning DPR-GR measures

(2)During the period the-disciplinary regulations
referred to in this article have not been defined, then disciplinary regulations are used as a guide,ifthey do not conflict with other valid regulations

Article 15

Definitions inregulations which are valid for the DPRD are also valid for the DPRD-GR, ifthey do not conflict with the definitions in or based on this Presidential Decree.

CHAPTER V

DPRD-GR TERM OF OFFICE

Article 16

lasts from the date of installation

of the particular-until the installation of the which will be organized based on laws indicated in Article of the Constitution.

Article 17

Without harming the definitions in Article 4 of the Presidential Decree No. 6/1959 and Article 5b of Regulation No. 8/1959 of the Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development, the term of office of the regional head and the members of the Daily Government Council isbroughtintoagreementwith the DPRD-GR term of office indicated in Article 16.

CHAPTER VI

REGIONAL SECRETARIAT

Article 18

(1) The organization of the administration connected with all
the duties of the regionalgovernmentis carried out by the regional secretariat whose composition and expenditures are regulated by the Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development.

(2) Theregional secretariat is headed by a regional secretary
who performshis job under the leadership of the regional head.

Article 19

(1) Theregional secretaryis selected and appointed by the

DPRD-GR fromamongcandidates proposed by theregionalhead.

(2) status financial position together with the appoint-requirementsof theregional secretary are established in
regional regulations following the directives given by the Minister of the InteriorDevelopment

(3) The regional regulations indicated inparagraph (2) of this
article are not valid beforethey are organized by the higher authority.

Article 20

All the definitionsconcerning the regional secretaryin the existing regulations are invalid when the new regulations based on this Presidential Decree become valid.

CHAPTER VII

TRANSITIONAL AND FINAL DEFINITIONS

Article 21

DPRD members indicated in Article Oneparagraph (3) resign their officesupon the installation date of the DPRD-GR in the region concerned exceptfor those whoresign or are considered to have resignedearlier.

Article 22

The performance andcomplications which emerge as a result of the execution of this Presidential Decree are regulated by the Minister of the Interior and Autonomous Development.

Article 23

This Presidential Decree is valid from the dayit is confirmed. In order that each person maylearn of its existence, I order the proclamation of this Presidential Decree with itsplacementin the National Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia.

Confirmed in Djakarta on September 23, 1960

( Signed)

SUKARNO

6037-END-

162 *18

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31 July 1961

A TOUR OF INDONESIAN NAVY INSTALLATIONS IN SURABAYA

By A. M. Hardy

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A TOUR OF INDONESIAN NAVY INSTALLATIONS IN SURABAYA :

Followingis the translation of an articleby A. M. Hardyin Pedoman Mingau(The Guide), Djakarta, 6 November 1960, pages 1-2, and 13 November 1960, page 27

Notwithstanding the speedy progress observed during a weeks's visit to the IndonesianNavyinstallations inSurabaya and Malang, we still hear complaints about the lack of sufficient navalequipment which is : vital for the developmentof a strong Indonesian Navy. The shortcomings are not confined to material supply there is also lack of instructors. Lieutenant Colonel Jono Parto, director of the Naval Establishment inSurabaya says ,for instance, that the insuffi- ciencyof materialequipment necessaryfor eventual war purposesis due to the lack of basic industries.Consequently,we willalways be dependent onforeign countriesand on foreign exchange needed to import thisequipment. He further asserts that such imports are only possible as long as we are in the possession ofenough foreign exchange. Furthermore, the importsofequipment fromforeign countriesmust be compatiblewith our neutral and active policy.Accordingly, the various imported materials from these countries night create newproblems and necessitate a readjustment of ourpresent personnel and existing equipment.

Also, Lieutenant Colonel F. Suak, commander of the AAL ( Naval Academy ),remarks that upto now the AAL has not yet reached itsdegree of desired perfection and that during the nine years of itsdevelopment obstacles and difficulties are due to the above fact. The basic trouble of theacademyis the lack of buildings for the complete absorption of the students and consequently only a certain number of students can be admitted each year. Besides,the AAL still lackspermanentinstructors. For the time being the AAL tries to solve thisproblem by engaging several teachers from theUniversity of Padjaran, the Universityof GAMA and the University of Erlangga. Those troubles, however,do not have anyin- fluence on thequality of ourgraduated andthey are not inferior in comparisonwith the graduatesof foreign naval academies. Another complaint has been put forward by Major Kusaniwato, the PPKKO (Education Center of the Corps) says that

vitalproblems have always experiencedinbuilding up the AL in general andinstructingthe in particular nature of these problems are similar to those of the PAL, etc; viz the lack of

materialequipment, personnel,and finance. This will form an obstacle for the developmentof a strong navy, necessaryfor maintaining the stability of our country; especiallywhen we consider the geographical structure of our conntry ;it consists of thousands of islands surrounded by oceans. Considering the facts above, people are inclined to think that the development of theirNavyis far behind that of the other armed forces. However, our observations have proven that this is not the case. Upto now the ALRI is inpossessionof a reasonable number of ships, besides other modern war equipment. Further, it has its own armaments works with considerable machinery .Wehopethat the ALRI will be more self- supportingin the near future. This will make us lessdependent upon foreign countries and eliminate the eventual problems arisingin case of a blocade or other obstacles. We are sure that the Admiralty in particular,or the Government ingeneral,has already considered thoroughly the crucialproblemof the supplyof navalequipment. The choice lies between importingarmament from foreign countries or having our own armaments works and basic industries as starting points for other factories. Major Sardjono,head of the Central Naval Information Service, is of the opinion that the upbuildingof the ALRI has alreadybecome a partof the overalldevelopment programof theDepernas ( National planning Board). Wehope,he says, that when thisprogram becomes a reality, the ALRI will make moreprogressin creating astrong Indonesia at sea, as well as on land and in the air. Also in the education field for naval officers, attemptsof our Navy become evident in the renovation of its personnel.Every year the Naval Academy as the center of ecucation for future ALRI officers deliversyoung graduates who are readyfor their tasks at sea. However, several obstacles are still to be faced in the future development of the AAL.Amongother things, e.g.the lack of the buildings still limits the admittance of a largenumber of students. This year,for instance, only 160 students are admitted, whereas there have been about 3,000 candidates. The Academy has accordingly decided to make an accurate selectionamongthe candidates. This concerns their ability, goodwill and knowledge obtained at the SMA ( High School) or the STM (Technical High School) education. The AAL commander,F. Suak, maintains, however, that the lists ofgrades cannot be taken as a basic criterion for the selection of the candidates. In most cases those grades do not give an exact reflection of the person's abilityand goodwill. For instance, there are candidates with excellentgrades who nevertheless have failed in their entrance examinations,or do not have the required physical strength. The Naval Academy formerly required three years' of study for a cadet. This has now been changedinto a four-year course in order to increase or ensure thequality of the graduates. At present the AAL already has five education departments wiich are quite different from one another. In thiscomplexthree important departments are essential for the AAL student. For instance, in the English Department every cadet is trained in using hisknowledgeof English and their work caneasilybe :

controlled. Here direct supervision of the instructors means an important stimulating factor for the students indoing their work. In addition, we also find a service station ,complete with ship engines used by the ALRI. Before every cadet goesinto service on the various typesof ships, he getssomeprocticlal knowledgein those service stations inoperating the various typesofengines. Another not lessimportant departmentis the Naval Artillery School (SARTAL ). As the name indicates, this is aplace where the cadets get their navalartillery pratice, which is slightly different from the land artillery. In naval artillery the influence of the shipmovements on thefiring poweralso has to be taken into consideration.Every student gets training in firing,using radar instruments, and so on. At the end of our tour to the navyinstallations in the AAL complex, Lieutenant Colonel F. Suak explains that at the present stage the AAL is not laggingfar behind incomparisonwith naval training in other countries, and that "we are now even readyto accept foreign cadets who want tostudy at our AAL ". He further states that even after nine years have elapsed, theoriginalschedule of turning out 200 cadets perannum,has not yet been realized. This is partly ascribable to the students themselves. Every year30% of the students fail to finish their training. Our observations during the tour of the ALRI base inSurabaya indicated that "Jalesveva jajamahe" ( Celebes or Amboina dealect, translation unknown), which several years ago was still a motto has apparently bevome a reality now. This is confirmed by Major Kusnaniwoto, commander of the Education Center for theCorpsCommando (PPKKO) inGubeng, who mentions that a strongarmada,submariees, air force and army are needed for the defense of this wide and scatered country. The education center of the PPKKO is located inGubeng Surabaya, which is also meant for a training campof all members of the Navy. our fellowcorrespondents, whoever "enjoyed" sometraining at this PPKKо, admit that thetraining was rather hard in the beginning. But after one or two weeks "weget used to that andgladly follow the instructions ". We also get the information from the PPKKO commander that the ALRI was verysatisfied with the results of thetraining of the Wamilda (correspondent). As to the CommandoCorpsitself, Major Kusnaniwoto stresses the very greaty importanceof their education andtraining, considering theirheavy task inbreaking through the coastal defense of theenemy.It stands to reason therefore, that very tough military trainingisnecessary besides the physicaland mental requirements. The commander of the ALRI armaments works also tells us something about the experimentsofproducing armaments in the attemptto brigg some improvementto the ALRI. "We have to do this " the commander says, whileshowing us an instrument which they just finished; it is an instrument formeasuring thevelocity of a bullet. Inresponse to our question, the commander says that theexisting foreign exchange shortage does not enable the Navy to import such equipment from abroad. "An order had even been placed,but it has not yet arrived upto now. In anticipating the arrival of thisequipment, we succeeded inproducingit ourselves. "

From our observations at this armaments works of the ALRI, we can say that besides our personnel who are trained inforeign countries, our own STMpeople from the chemical and machine sections will also form a vital factor inrunning the works. "And of course we need people who willvoluntarilyandseriously dothe job ".Taking into consideration the importance and need of experts in the development processof our country and the Army ,our Government in general and the Departmentof Education in particular should consider this urgent need of increasing the number of engineering schools, like STM, SPMA,etc., besides the SMA. At the end of our visit to this works, we returned to the main subjectof our discussion; the development of the country without neglect- ing the importantrole of the armed forces. For thispurpose basic industries are badlyneeded. During our visit toMorokrembangan, MajorHamamiHidajat ,commander of this naval air base,in his statement expressed the urgent need of a larger airfield forexpansion purposein the very near future. Fortunately this will realized the Waru airportis finished

air does not the requirements any longer Therefore it will be closed as soon as the air base iscompleted. Major furthersays that it has always been the ALRI's cherished wish to its air fleet, which is atpresent only partly realized by the possession of certaintypesofplanes such as the Gannet and the Albatros.Concerning the explains that thistype ofplaneis ofgreat use for a country like ours ( surrounded by sea), because the Gannet turns out to be very effective in hunting and destroy- ing submarine. In order to meet the requirements of an expanding ALRI air fleet, construction wasrecently started :on thenew Waru air base, 20 kilometers from Surabaya .This will befully equipped, including h housing for theairport attendants, which will make the landingof various typesofaeroplanes possiblein the years to come.The construction of this air base is done bya French contractor (CITE) and isexpected to be completedin 1964. A quite different picture thanthe previous observations of our tour inSurabaya was ontained from our visit to the NavalAcademyinMalang. The KALM ( Naval Academy) has a function quite dfferent from what we have

observed inSurabaya other places. Major Mangunkarta, the took us around the said that the has trree functions for theNavy.First it serves as a registration center for the Navy candidates toSecondly, as a training center for those who are notdirectly involvedwith fighting ,such as cooks, shoe- barbers, oo on.Thirdly ,as a retreat for those are offduty, where they can get vitamin-enrichex food at prices. as to the first function of the Major Mangunkarta explanns that the is arecruitingcenter, the candidates also unergo physical psychological tests, under the supervisionofMajor About the second function, as a training certer the prepares personnel to serve as ship crews.

Major Mangunkarta remarked further that every candidate who has ever joined the KALM inMalang can tell about the rules over there. Everybody has to take care of his ownpersonal belongingsand is not allowed to have them scattered ,even in his own room. Ithappened once that somecorrespondents who were there for a test, "lost" their things. Afterwards, it turned out that thejanitorhad taken care of those things. He advised the eorrespondents"ifyou leave the room, please gather your things,otherwise theywull we taken away ". This reveals something about the KALM inMalang, whichpricipallyserves as arecruitingand training center of the Navy. Before the tour to all those Navyinstallations, Colonel Muljadi, commander of the Kodamar IV inSurabaya ,said in an interview : " Indeed, thepublic does not know much about the developmentof the Navy, and

Ido hopethat it will be more interested in it after reading thereport

of this tour, and that more of ouryouthwill join the ALRI. Also,I do hopethat in the future the governmentwillpay more attention to theexisting deficiencies and shortcomingsof the ALRI, which forms a partof the country's defense. "Major Abdul Fatah, head od the Information Service of the Kodamar IV inSurabaya, also expressedhis fervent hopethat in the near future the Navywill be able to make morerapid progress than before.

Captions to photographs on page 1 of Pedoman Minggu, 6 November, not reproduced here.

Left : This pictureshows machines from various imported types of ships,which are used for the ALRI's students before goinginto proctice at sea.

Right: A place where the ALFI cadets are instructed and trained inusing the various typesof armaments, used in the Navy ArtillerySchool.

10,346 CSO : 1384-S/c END

OC

JPRS : 6462

20 December 1960

SELECTED TRANSLATIONS ON LABOR AND BANKING IN INDONESIA

by Bachtiar Salim Haloho and Arnold H. Simbolon

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Table of Contents Page

I. Labor In A Guided Democracy 1 II. The Position Of Labor In The Process Of 6 Socialization

III. Bank Of Indonesia To Be A Central Bank 9

a

I. LABOR IN A GUIDED DEMOCRACY

[Followingis a translation of an articleby Bachtiar

Salim Haloho in the Indonesian-language newspaper Suara Marhaen (Voice of Marhaenism) Djakarta, Vol. 1, No. 35, 24 December 1959, Page6.]

The developmentof labor in a country takes placeinharmony with thehistory of the country. In colonies, labor movements are suppressed along with other movements forindependence. The labor movement in a socialistcountryis socialistic in

line with the to achieve the socialist status of the country growsin a socialisticatmosphere In capitalisticcountries the labor is revolutionary in line with thecapitalistic system big long strikes are held tooppose the individualistic attitude of the cap- italists. The labor movement in Indonesiadevelopedin line with our national history. During the 340 years of Dutch colonialism and

3 1/2 yearsof fascist our labor movement was suppressed and appeared as achampionof labor with a revolutionary spiritarrested and imprisonedlike our independence heroes Labor in Indonesia took a fortunate turn with the achievement of independence on August 17, in which workersunitedly took part with the entire population under the leadership of Sukarno other leaders After the achievement ofindependence which served as a golden bridge, the labor was given theright to live to fully develop. During our revolution the people of Indonesia fought unitedly under revolutionary leader Sukarno. At that time the labor movement was united with thefeeling of mutual interest andsuffering. Without regardfor differences amongthe various labor unions in their different forms, there existed only oneorganization which at that timetruly fulfilled the desire of the workers to accommodate all trends andreligions. Since the independence revolution, laborhas achieved its basic rights as prescribed by the Constitution of 1945. Workers now maintain connections with enterprisesand the government based on agreements and the understanding that eachparty has itsresponsibilitiesandrights.

It is clear, therefore, that the workers in Indonesia are no

servants or slaves but are individuals who are responsiblefor the results, value and accomplishmentof the task which has been given them and are entitled to security and improvement of their lot and that of their families.

In order to preserve their rightsand to achieve the improvement of their status, the workers have united themselves in unions such as trade and labor unions and in abig trade union center. Basicallythese labor unions have the same goal, namely the improvement of the lot of the workers. But with the rise of a great number of political parties in our country, the number of labor and trade unionsgrew rapidlydue to the desire of theseparties toexpandtheir influenceamongthe workers and use them for thepurposeof achieving their political goals. Furthermore these trade and labor unionsjoined international labor organizations such as the World Federation of Trade Unions, the International Confederation of Free Trade Union and the I.F.T. Aside from the reasons and purposesfor joiningthese organizations,the union of the Indonesian labor unions with these world organizationsis detrimental to our labor movement which influences our entire population. One of the direct results we feel is disunityand also the disputes which are cuased by our labor unionsjoiningtwo international labor organizations which are suspiciousof each other. We cannot do awaywith the influence of political parties in this matter in spite of the fact that we cannotclearly proveits existence. The influence of political parties on labor unions has developedto such an extent that in one instance a labor union went on strike against a certain service not with the goalofimproving the status of its members but in order to achieve the goal ofthe party which supportedit. In the spirit ofguided democracy and in line with the requirementto return to the Constitution of 1945 which waspro- claimed by the president on July 5, laborunions are expected to adapt themselves to the existing situation. Inguided democracy, labor does not work onlyfor its own lot, but has the opportunity to consider and work for the entire populationand the country throughitsrepresentativesin govern- mentorganizations. Representativesof labor unions, of provinces and of political partiesoccupy a place of equality in the Temporary Supreme Deliberation Council. Representatives of labor and of provinces work togetherin the National Council to form a National Development Pool. Labor unions will also take partin the M.P.R.S. with guar- antees given by the Constitution of 1945.

It islogical forthe workers to expect that inguided demo-

cracy a functional revolution will succeed in our country. Therefore the struggle andresponsibility of the workers through the labor and trade unions inguided democracy and under the Constitution of 1945 are greaterand more difficult than in the past.

Ifformerly labor and trade unions worked onlyfor theimprovement

of the status of their members without giving thoughtto the economic developmentof the country,we now should strive in a revolutionary manner to increase productionin order to meet the needs of the population and the workers should take part in this effort. Bung Karno, as our national leader, has said that in order to continue our national revolution in its current stage, workers and farmers should be thepillars. We agreewith the viewpoint of labor that the people cannot work on empty stomachs, but in workingfor the lot of the workers, the interests of the country should be considered. Labor and trade unions have full right to demand the improvement of their lot and they may go on strike but that right should not be used recklessly. When anenterprise is government-owned,it isproperfor the workers or officials to makesuggestionsfor the improvementof this status. The governmentwill not treat its officialscontrary to existing regulations. The situation is different when an enterpriseis ownedby a foreigner or is privately ownedby a national and isoperatedfor the purpose ofmaking profit at theexpenseof thegovernment. In that case it is the responsibility of the workers to change the situation by using their own means.

It is not sufficient only to make demands or go on strike;if

necessary, they mayconfiscate such an enterpriseand turn it over to the government for nationalization such as took place on Dec. 3, 1957 when Dutch enterprises were taken over. To continue the national revolution, the workers should fort ifythemselves for thisextremelydifficult task and have as their guide thepoliticalmanifesto of the government proclaimed by president Sukarno on August 17, 1959. Returning to the Constitution of 1945 should not onlymean returning to its laws but also to the enthusiasm of the revolutionary spiritand unity of the workers during the revolution. With the existence of ll trade unions, 2 R.K.S.'s and scores, yet hundreds of labor unions in their different forms, the princi- pleand the goal that motivate them are no longerinharmonywith the conceptof returning to the Constitution of 1945. In line with thesimplification of the parties which was outlined by the Temporary SupremeDeliberation Council and inharmony with president Sukarno's instruction to the youth to return to compact unity by organizing an all-Indonesia Youth Congress, which instruction was given by himon Youth's Day in Surabaya and also on Heroes'DayinDjokjakarta, the time has come for labor to reorganize andsimplifyits numerousorganizations. :

Ifpossible, these organizations should besimplified into

the existence of 3 unions (Marhaen, Muslim and) have read about in news- papersAt least several labor trade unions which have been simplified should be inorganizationsuch as the Cooperation Organization should have a labor union which is notsplit according to various ideologies which are not attained through a labor or trade union but through apolitical party.

It should be a labor or trade union which is able to unite

all laborpowerto promotenational development in the field of production so that under oneleadershipall laborpowerwill move togetherin various fields.

It should be a labor and trade union based on the Pantjasila

(Five Principles) which has for its goal the attainment of a just and prosperous society ,a socialistic society à la Indonesia.

It must be a trade union which has noorganizational,

political or cultural connections with an international labor union and isguided by the politicalmanifesto. It should not be a trade union which claims that the Communist Manifesto or the Declaration ofIndependenceis the best goalfor Indonesian labor. It should be a trade union which consistently claims to accept andcarry out thepoliticalmanifesto proclaimed by President Sukarno on August 17, 1945. Labor which is united in this trade union should cooperate with all leaders ofenterprisesand services to promote and raise production. The conceptof cooperation of labor with business leaders to raise production does not meandirectly determining the lot of labor. In order to fulfil labor's desire to improveits lot,it will not make any compromisewith businessmen,especially foreigabusinessmen or national businessmen who arecapitalist or bourgois-minded. Labor which is united in a trade union as described above cooperates and iscomposed whollyof labororganizations which have been organizedinto a national front. Thus national potentialis collected and the energyof all working groupsis harnassed to work out a blue print for national developmentfor the purpose of building a just and prosperous society, a socialist society àla Indonesia : a society which does

not labor It is a which holds consultations under guidance operates a guided in with theindividuality of the Indonesian peoplein the past Guidance in this instance not a of dictatorship or fascism but effort the partof labor under leadership based on the wish interests of labor, in with the

: principlesandgoalsof the state, the Five Principles and the goal of a socialist society àla Indonesia. Thus the struggleof labor becomes a united action. The leaders will form a compact team filled with the revolutionary spirit, strong national conviction and a sense of responsi-

bility for the people's interests Thus the willguide the people. With such realization of theimportanceof labor, the power of labor can be utilized mostefficiently for the country in con- tinuing our unfinished national revolution.

II. THE POSITION OF LABOR IN THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION

[Followingis a translation of an articleby Arnold H.

Simbolon in the Indonesian-language periodical Sikap, (Policy) ,Djakarta, Vol. XIII, No. 12, 4 May 1960, Pages6 & 8.]

Labor Day, May1, 1960,is a historicdayfor the entire world. It is celebrated by every labor organizationinevery country in Europe, Asia, Africa, America and also in dictatorial communist countries. We also celebrate this LaborVictory Day in our country, but our manner of celebratingit differs from other countries in that it is done in line with the conditions prevailing here. Labor Dayhas been celebrated repeatedly by the socialist communitysince the formation of the Indonesian Socialist Party. This time May1 is celebrated in a simple manner. This day encour- agesus to continue strengthening our position with the determination to struggleconstantlyin order that our ideals for the people may producebeneficial results forhumanity, namely unityand peace withjusticeandprosperity. In striving to achieve these ideals werepeatedly experiencedifficulties from without and within, but we continue to strive with determination and the conviction that the ideals of people's socialism will ultimately be recognized and will become the ideals andgoalof our country. We need not worry unduly about the rightnessof our ideals and the road they takein spite of the fact that we meet muchopposition from those who oppose our ideology. Our hopes and ideals are realizedthrough the increasing strengthandcapacitywe possess. May 1, 1960, is celebrated in our countryin thespirit of returning to the Constitution of 1945, socialism à la Indonesia, guided acmocracy, guided economy,return to national individuality, collectivelyknown as USDEK. Our countrystill finds itself in the state of war. Under these circumstances, let us for a moment sur- vey the position and life of our nation ingeneral .The workers lead a depressed and difficult life. Ourdaily lifebecomes increasingly difficultdue to soaring prices of commodities, drop in our income and rise ofunemploymentwhile workpossibilitiesand sources of income becomeincreasingly meager. Each one of us experiencethis condition in his own home. Manyof us become dis- couraged and indifferent and leave our fate in the hands of this most critical situation. Our salaries are not sufficient for the basic necessities such as food, drink and housing. The supply of commodities isdwindling while their prices soar.Foodstuff such as rice, cookingoil, vegetable, meat, fish, eggetc. remain expen- sive.

Transportation fares continue to soar. Under these circumstances many becomediscouragedand they longforleadership which will help lighten theirheavy burden. In spite of this situation we as workers and championsof people's socialism should not become apatheticand however dim and difficult thepoliticaland economic situationsmay be,we are able to lead the people out ofpoverty andsuffering,thus preventingthem fromfeeling that they are without leadership. Without the people, socialism à la Indonesia will not succeed. We are now on the road to socialism à la Indonesia. We should now strive to reach our goal and be responsiblefor the steps taken, the planning, the supervisionand the efforts put forth. In order to reach this goal, the people must be given a part to play. The interests of thepeople should be given considerable attention in order that their income mayincrease and the basic commodities and servicesmay be obtained. Inaccomplishingthis result, the temporal needs of thepeople become a problem. Private enterprises are experiencing increasingdifficulties and manyof them are dismissing workers, thereby causing increasing unemployment. Government services are not able to give work to the unemployed due toeconomy practiced by the government and due to lack of vacancies. Almost all business enterprises are helpless due to current importand export regulations, high expenses resulting fromdistressing financial stabilization measuresduring the past 9 months, economic regulationsand financial confusion. All these measures are taken by thegovernmentto achieve guided democracy which leads to socialism. In the socializationprocess from lib- eraleconomyto guidedeconomy many changes andregulations have been made in the distribution ofgoods through agencies known as distribution stores and governmentP.T., in the field ofproduction,transportation, etc. The real goal of these measures is to accomplish the firstplanof the Working Cabinet to provide cheap distribution of commodities for the people. Inguided economy, all vitalenterprises,distribution andproductionwill be controlled andoperated by the government; in short, theywill be socialized. It has become apparent that this socialization process has resulted in much unemployment, stagnationof production and distribution and deterioration of the financial and economic situation. Distribution ofgoodsto the people islaggingand it isreported that the distribution stores and governmentP.T.'s lack liquidity, that administrationexpensesare low and skill is lacking.Buyers are not able to choose the kinds of goodsthey desire andrecently distribution storesbeganto close. According togovernmentP.T. officials, the supply of basic import goodsis low due to inadequate sea and land transportation, lack of skill on the part of officials as comparedwith former private business leaders and lack of investments.

In socialist countries where guided democracy operates, distribution ofgoodsto the peopleisgiven priorityabove other problems so that the people are adequately providedfor. The productive manpowerof farmers and workers is channeledefficientlyto increase investments andproductionand to carry out profitable industrial projectsso that maximum resultsmaybe obtained in carrying out a 5-or 10-year plan. With regard to Indonesia, it is difficult to predictits economic and financialdevelopment. Why? According to professorMoh. Yamin, the NationalDevelopmentPlan will bepre- sented to the president before August 17,1960 and will not be carried out before 1961. How this plan will be putinoperation, supervisedand financed remains to be seen.

It isquite apparent that there is a connection between inter--

nalpoliticsandsecurity and the development ofeconomyof a country.Thepolitical situation inour country at this moment isquite critical, parliament havingbeen changedto MutualHelp Parlement. Political rivalry between political partiesand the governmentseems to havesharpened. The rise of theDemocracy League which issup- ported by the Masjumi Party,the Catholic Party, the Parkindo, the Socialist Party, the I.P.K.I. and other groupsis an indication of the dissatisfaction of thepeople with the current leadership of the government. Civil war continues in the provinces and it cannot be determined when the security problemwill be solved, thus making uncertain when national unity will be achieved. If suchdisunity continues the unity of the people and the country is seriously threatened. Besides seriousunemployment, the rapid increase of thepopu- lation of Indonesiaposes a problem. The increase in population goes on at the rate of 2 million a year. Transmigration has been retarded due to lack of funds andshippingfacilities. Life in thevillage isas difficult as ever. There has been no progressin agriculture, cattle raising andfishing .The method of land culti- vation is asprimitiveas in colonialdays. Many irrigationdams have broken down .Villageroads continue to deteriorate and other factors make the life of the peopledifficult. We continue to importrice in spite of the fact that there is much uncultivated land which could be converted into rice fields. How can weprovide productive employmentfor all workers in villagesand towns who continue to increase in number ? How can agricultural productionbesufficientlyraised to support the increasing populationof 90 million and to develop industrialization ? Agriculture should be given first priority. Theonly way to obliterate allprevalent diseases andquickly carry out the social and economic revolution in Indonesia is industrialization which is the basis of great progress in a modern world.

III. BANK OF INDONESIA TO BE A CENTRAL BANK

[Followingis a translation of an unsignedarticle in the

Indonesian-language newspaper Pantjawarta (Pantja News), Djakarta ,13 May 1960, Page1.J

After the Bank of Indonesia hadgradually completedits commercial activities, it was able to operate solelyas a Central Bank, according to information obtained by Antara from the officials concerned. As the firststepincarrying out its work mosteffectively. as a central bank,the Bank of Indonesiareorganizedin line with its new function in order to implement the nation's general economic program as outlined in the 1959 Political Manifesto of the Republicof Indonesia. The reorganizationwas effected inharmonywith the function of the Bank of Indonesia as a central bank. As a result of this reorganization the Bank of Indonesia now has 5 sections ,namely the Monetary Section, the Economy Development Section, the Foreign Affairs Section, the Research Section, the Economy and Statistics Section and General Affairs Section. The Monetary Section includes operations which are connected with the responsibility of the Bank of Indonesia to maintain monetary stability. This section is madeupof 3 divisions : the Government and Credit Division, Bank Supervision Division and Monetary Marketand Investment Division. With thisarrangement the Bank of Indonesia,in its effort to maintain monetary stability, hopesto use the monetary systemof central banks. Besides direct monetary systems such as " cash ratio", liquidity ratio", andqual- itative andquantitative supervision which have already been practiced, the bank hopestooperateindirectmonetary systems such as the " open marketpolicy" and the "discount rate policy". In line with its position as a central bank in a country which isdevelopingitseconomy, the Economy Development Department which includes 3 sections, the Government and Credit Section, the Development Bank Control Section and the Monetary Market and Investment Section, the Bank of Indonesiahopesto be able to aid the governmentinfinancing development projects with financial stability inharmonywith the general national economic program. The Departmentof Foreign Affairs handles the operations which deal with foreignaffairs and includes 3 sections : the ForeignAffairs Section, the Foreign ExchangeSection and the Money Order Section. It also includes a staff which handles the relations with LAAPL/BDP.

Research, StatisticsDepartment includes activities which involve research, collecting inspecting materials needed to carry out the activities aseffectivelyas possible. This department includes 3 sections : the Research Section, the Monetary Value Sectionand the Report Section General Affairs Section includes activities in connection with the Management Bank is of 9 sections : the Inspec- tion Section, the Central Administration Section, the Accounting Section, the Officials Section, the Section, the Building Section, the Secretariat Section, the Treasury Section and the Bank Paper Section. of of the departments indicate that under the General Department the Bank of Indonesia also functions as a circulation bank. Each departmentis headed by a director, assisted by one or more assistant directors, while the governor and the directors make

all and all activities. The work of the Bank of Indonesia is distributedamongthe Board as follows Monetary Department : Mr. Indra Department Research, StatisticsDepartment :Dr. Soerjadi ForeignAffairsDepartment : Mr. B. Gandasoebrata General Department Mr. Boerhanoedin

6014-END-

180 62 *

JPRS: 4405

17 February 1961

BASIC CONDITIONS FOR THE STABILIZATION OF PRICES

-Indonesia-

ByF. Runturambi

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SEARCH SERVICE, a federalgovernment organi-

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:

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BASIC CONDITIONS FOR THE STABILIZATION OF PRICES

-Indonesia-

✓Followingis the translation of an articleby F. Runturambi,

in Harian Rakjat (People'sDaily), Djakarta 29 September 1960, page 3.

On August 25 of this year thegovernmenttook monetary measures following up the monetary reorganizationof last year. These measures areessentiallymeant to :

1) lower the price of food and clothing and other essentials;
2) stimulate exports and increase foreignassets;

3) more goods-some lower and others
higher exchange rates. present financial that have already a in execution are contained in four Decision Reform, Government Decisions Presidential Decision arises the question lowering stabilizing of prices reallyattained ? Before offer answer to thisquestionfirstinspectlittle the importantaspectsof the presentfinancial

The essential points of the second series of financial

The presentfinancial steps arefundamentally asimplification of themanykinds ofgovernmentlevies on export and import.Regarding export the collection of PUEKS /Pemungutan Eksport-Levy on Export7, the bea berat Iheavytax7 and the statistical tax have been left out. All that is left is called beakeluar 1outgoing tax7 of 10% .Regarding imports,levies such as PUIM /PemungutanImport-Levy onImport7,bea berat, statistical tax and pedjak masuk Iincoming duties 7 based on the sales tax of 1951 have been left out and replaced by bea masuk Iincoming tax7 of a size depending on the kind of article, asfollows : Articles of Group I, incomingtax 0%; imports against a rate of exchangeof $ 1.00 equals 45.00 rupiahs. GroupII, 20%incomingtax; import against a rate ofexchangeof $ 1.00 equals 45.00 rupiahs. GroupIII, 30%;import against a rate ofexchangeof 1.00 equals

200.00 rupiahs
; but incoming tax is collectedagainst a rate based on $ 1.00 equals Rp. 45.00 rupiahs.

GroupIV, 100%; import against rate ofexchangeof $ 1.00 equals

200.00 rupiahs;but incoming tax is collectedagainst a rate based on $ 1.00 equals 45.00 rupiahs. Generally speaking, noforeign assets will be made available forimportof luxury items, and theirimportwill be limited. To GroupIbelong food and clothing and items importantfor the development, such as rice, manure,etc.,that used to be free of PUIM. To GroupIIbelong other articles of food and clothing or other articles importantfor To GroupIIIbelong items other than food,

clothing or items importantfordevelopmentthat do not belongto GroupIV For these items thegovernmentstillforeign assets available that therefore belongto Groups III and IV are mentioned on the free list that are not articles of food, clothing or development. The second groupof financial measures determines also thecompo- nent of the value of articles ofGroupIand IIsubject to tax and sub- divides in three groups : Group A subject to 10
, Group B 25%, Group C 60 ofGroupsIII and IV are notsubject to an arrangement ofcomponentvalues has determined values for GroupIand II to thwartspeculation, because without such acomponent, priceswillsuddenly drop. These financial measures also define freeimport foreign assets, they determine that assets not earmarked as wealth of the nation can be used toimport importantarticles for industry, such as spare parts, etc. Exceptfor the above mentioned fundamental problems which have a rather strong direct influence on the level of landed cost and sales price of the importer, there are also various instructions. As retribu- tion on export and import(1%), transfer tax ( 100%), tariffs forguarantee

moneyfor national band credit and the decision tochangethe rate of for foreign oil from $ 1.00 equals 36.00 rupiahsto 1.00 equals 45.00 rupiahs, etc. The assessment on extraprofiton importarticles is still conducted in lower percentages,but, exactly ,is still not clear

Influences on theprice ofgoods.

With this second groupof financial measures, the governmentis actuallymoretrying to overcome the bad results of the financial reorganization of lastyear. It is more in the nature of eliminating or repla- cing the original financialdecisions on import and export that have been provedineffective in actual practice. Accordingto the radio speech of the minister of finance of 24 August thisyear, taxation on the value of articles in an artificial manner must be stopped. Seen from the intentions of thegovernmentto lower the prices by moderation in the collection ofimport and export taxes, this second groupof financial measures isgood, although rather late. Wesayrather late since lowering the price ofimportarticlesby about 20% after the priceof food andclothing has definitely risen100% incomparison with the situation before the reorganization of last year does not improve

the purchasing powerof the people verymuch, especially that of theworking classes which has beendeclining steadily. At present we do not notice an increased flow ofpurchasesof the masses on the markets, although the prices ofimportarticles have gone down somewhat. This is not because the people do not need the goods ,but because theirpurchasing powerisvery low. To meet the hopesof the workers, the government mustpersist in lowering the price of food,clothingand development much more. We shall feel a further decline in prices when there are no componentvalues and when we moveimportentarticles formerly ofGroupIII, IV orV of PUIM to Group II of the present new arrangement. For instance, textiles for women'sclothing of artificial silk which belongedto Group IV under the systemof PUIM now belong to GroupIentry 1, which has caused the landedprice to go down 55%. In this manner weget an amount of food, clothingand developmentarticles of which the import prices godown as a result of the new financial measures.In addition to these, there are also articles of food, clothing and developmentof which the price remains the same,or declines verylittle, and there are even increases, as with the priceofnewsprint.

Fundamental problemsof price stabilization.

To reach a generally lower price level. for notjust a shorttime, the fields of production and distribution need great attention to make an improvementof the present economic situation possible. This fundamental problem has not yet been analyred very well. The problemof ever -increasing pricesmust not only be looked at from a financial point of view. There aremanyfactors that have all this time been sources of price increases, as for instance :

1) Devaluation of therupiah, with its different rates ofexchange
expressedin foreignstandards in a direct or indirect manner.

2) A stock of articles of food,clothingand developmentinsufficient
to satisfy the minimum requirementsof the society.

3) Speculation and smugglingin the present commercial world
going berserk.

4) Assessments onprofits inexcess of a certain level on
articles of importation.

5) Increase cf official prices of certaingoods and of official
rates of transportation, electricity,taxation, etc. Manyof the above mentioned sources of price increaseshave not yet been overcome.The army's police actionsare already rather intensive, but have not yet resulted ineconomically favorable conditions, and price stabilization cannot be reached, and the economic decline cannot be overcome.For this reason, this second groupof financial measures

is insufficient to successful in lowering the level of prices also need fast appropriatein other fields, especially in the fields ofproduction and distribution which stabilize prices and prevent price increases.

Amongfast and necessary steps to lower the price of articles of food ,clothing and developmentin the financialsphere are elimination immediatelyof measures on componentvalue and assessment on excess profit. Such steps canquickly improve the purchasing powerof the people and propel the developmentof productionin the country.Naturally, the sources of income of thecountry have to be shifted from direct and indirect taxes to the productive sector by instituting a concrete programto increase produtivity. Regarding the travellableforeign assets forimports, we must payattention to several factors that can damagethegovernmentitself

if no appropriatecenes are taken. These assetsmay be abused by

smugglerstopromote allegel transactions with foreign countries. This would hamper the plan topromote export, recorded as the harvest and wealth of the nation. Thesimplification ofgovernment assessments on export cannot yet cause the disappearanceof the disparity in the price of theseexportarticles inside and outside the country. Basically,this second series of financial measures willonly attain price stabilization whenthey do not remain limited to purely financial steps, but extend to other economic spheresfor thepurpose of eliminating the sources of price increases. We need a sufficient supplyof food andclothing, with the stress on efforts to increase the production in thecountry. The purchasing powerof the people must be increased by improving the productivity, as well as byefforts to reduceprices.

10,319-END-

162 * 106

JPRS : 6599

18January1961

GENERAL STUDIES IN INDONESIAN ADVANCED SCHOOLS

byJulSumartojo

EAST ASIAN

RESEAR

CEN EAST ASIAN

RESEARCH H CENTER UNIV

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

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25, D. C.

FOREWORD

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STARCH federal organi-

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GENERAL STUDIES IN INDONESIAN ADVANCED SCHOOLS

Followingis a translation of an articlebyJulSumartojo in the Indonesian -language periodicalMimbar Indonesia ( Indonesian Forum ), Vol. XIV, No. 39,Djakarta, 24 September 1960, pages 13, 30.7

General studies are being lookedupon as vitalby the government. Thedepartmentof Education has for some time beenprovidingin- structions in connection with the holding of special lectures on general studies in all of the universities. But what are general studies ? Abroad,forexampleatCambridge, Sorbonne,etc., general studies seek to train the student as a representative of theuniversity, having not only knowledgeof a narrow field but also an understandingof the significance of theuniversity. In addition, they should even have some knowledge on matters outside of their specialty. Thepurposeof university education is toproducescholars having broad backgrounds, supplemented by aparticular field ofknowledgefor which the individual has a capacity. In Indonesia, obviously, studies continue to be a subject that is not too clear.Many have non- specific notions about it and not infrequently, general studies is a subjectofcompleteridicule and cynicism. It isinterpretedas being a course of all the sciences- economics,politicalscience, biology, etc. It is considered as being aspecial study concerning the Manipol/USDEK (an abbreviation for the Political Manifesto and the fiveconcepts as follows : The 1945 Law, Socialism a la Indonesia, Guided Democracy, Guided Economy and Indonesian Identity7. And there aremanyothers. In this connection,Professor Slamet Iman Santoso, President of theUniversity of Indonesia, explained the task ofmakingavailable general studies subject at theuniversityas follows to acorrespondeb of Aesculapius ( a medicaljournal) :General studies have two purn32 : To promote a national attitude ( USDEK, etc.) and to instill a broad view in the studentbeyondthat which isgiven byhis specialty. Theposition of Professor Slamet consists of a dualism of two functions. He states that they are not in conflict,rather they are inseparable. Forexample, an individual with a broad approach to things will not display a narrowidentity. In order to accomplish the task of presenting the broad approach, lectures are held on five categories of questions,all of which cover the field of the sciences. The intent of these questionsis to acquaint the scholar as to where and how the sciences are to beapplied as well as the results which follow suchapplication. Information of this

-

nature should be possessed byall scholars becausegeneral studies in this context isdesigned to be offeredbyall the departments. The courses ( which will be the same ) will not interfere with the special field of theparticular departmentin -as-much as a student having been accepted by a department would be considered as being intelligent. Intelligence will serve as a common denominator. As to the diversifi- cation of this intelligence, this can be considered as an asset. The five questionsare :1. What are the sciences ? 2. Are there relationshipsbetween the various sciences? Yes or No? If there are relationships,of whatsignificanceis this? 3. Historically, how the various sciences come intobeing ? This questionis derived frame fact that the teacher has served avery important placein history and that we are an imageof mankind which has contributed so much to the sciences. In general, the teachers are the imageof mankind with its broad approach;it was theywho broke their own limits ofknowlodge.

4. What should we know when weapply the sciences to society? What will the outcome be at the time of actual application? In this instance, we must remember that life must alwaysbe considered as anintegral entity. If we change one facet of it, then other facets will also change. 5. Is itadequatefor us to know the sciences only, or is there a need to have a predetermined IDENTITY in setting a course for the sciences? And which aspect and how will thisidentitybe formal- ized? Thus, concluded Professor Slamet Iman Santoso. The Indonesian peoples are stilldeveloping and making headway towards the future. There is no future without a modern basis of toler- ance, something which we have had and which we have grown with in considerable measure.Ours is a society ofspiritual happiness and material prosperity. However, capitalismand liberalism, systemsofrape, are imbued with an extremelyindividualistic spirit;it creates appressionin man's life and makes him a social creature.Expression of individual opinion can be a dynamic thing but it is short on inhibitions for the common cause which evolves around social life.Frequently ,one suffers emotionally merely because calculatedjudgementis occasioned byvarious sorts of misgivings. Mankind learns to quarrel with discipline, finds scapegoatsforgreed andyearning of material things, and loses sight of the mutuality of things. Furthermore,"death " of a friend is often considered as a real blessing, as avictory of the " individual" whom they obviously endear merely because theirhopein life is " me ". Behind theguise of a particularflag,leaders ( make-believe or otherwise) situate themselves in a strong position along the lines of a patronage system, using elaborate meaningless discourse and complicated situation tomasquerade, wearing the mask of " the people's interest " while in essence thinking of " themselves " or a groupof peoples who belong to " themselves ".They are only shammingin the name of the people or mutual interests and have no real sincere intentions in the least. Actually, the demands of collective life are allpowerful. As in

• 2 -

the case of a singleunit oforganism, according to its laws, it can be very demanding, working together to create a form of real life. The reason peopleflock togetherand strive for a consciousness of collective life is to escape from afeeling of loneliness and fear (read : The World in The Twentieth Century, by Louis L. Snyder). Freely interpreted, acryinglostgoatwill find itsway back when it isready to die because of itsage. Collective life is an allpowerful thing. Scholars and those responsibleforpeacein collective life and for collective happiness devoid of exploitation of the individual for othersrepresent a powerful conscious; they must reveal the true nature of man's purpose in life. Collective interests come before individual interests.Properter has a function in society. The formula for collective interests is oriented toward enrichment of the state. The state guaranteesaccial status,spiritualand material wellbeing. Theorganizationand policies of the state take their form from these collective ideas which are ensured. Socialism ( Marx) is a way of life based on universal equality, predicated onjusticeon the basis of effort and ensures progress in life wherever man is born into a property situation that isequal. Brains and brawn are the servants of justice, but they are a destructive force in the " Haves and Have Not " situation.Stealing of thepeople's property should berigoruously oppressed to the end. This would be a move toward humanism. However, man is not without a heart and intellect. Without a heart, man could merely identifya color without sensingit. Pascal said, " Manforgets that God can be understood only with heart and not by intellect". These two aspects are verymuch opposedto each other. History has proven that to hold tojustone of these, mankind will not be able to be free from crueltyand oppression. Each isincapable of avoiding sentimentalityand extreme doubt.Major wars of the future will not be able to avoid fear and unrest but merely delay theiremergence. In the East the dawn has come : ThePantjasila, a synthesis embodyingall in onesystemof philosophy.Manipol/USDEKprovidesa fresh look on the future of the people and peace.Indonesia will make progress throughrevolution. Those who denyitscomingwill certainly be run over by the wheels of revolution. General studies is one method of developing a socialistic mentalityand a consciousness of citizenry that isobviouslyvital to Indonesia now.However, theinterpretationas to its function shoul beadequately oriented toward the teachingof basic ideas, including studies in Indonesian socialism so that in the future it can serve as a foundation for the practice of the sciences. There aremany interpretationsand some of which are misleading and in essence merely shroud the function of general studies. Generali- zation and thefractioning of specializations stand beyond the general studies and are not efforts that are reliable andtimely. There should

bethinking applied to other than courses and curricula which are aimed at the national education problem. Broad knowledgewillshape the individual. However, an individu- alisticperson quite frequently poses as a threat topeace.A scholar isthoroughlyindividualistic andquite capable of determining the consequencesof theapplication of the sciences. However,often, they themselves are incapableof avoiding work done inmakingnuclear wer that willdestroycivilization. It would not beactuallytoo re ce for them to make a move of treachery against the people, inviting rape and terror. What we need now are scholars who are ( Indonesian) socialist oriented and who will serve in full devotion for the people and mankind. We have no need for those who, in disguise, create sabotage whenever opportunity avails itself and those who seek refuge from a life of liberalism, using weaponsto keep and secure their safety. Theinstilling of socialism can onlybe done by educators who are truly socialistic in outlook. And in this connection it would be well

if the members of the DPA itself,or those who are influencedbyit,

present lectures ongeneral studies in all higher institutions since

it is from the DPA that the actual interpretation will come as to the

meaningof (Indonesian) socialism. In thisway, we can avoid private interpretationswhich are very embarrassing,rather we can develop scholars who arereally( Indonesian) socialist oriented and who will be responsiblefor a future Indonesia that is secure ,justand prosperous.

-END-

-

62 * 183

JPRS : 7742

6 January 1961

ARTICLES INDONESIA

( POLITICAL, FINANCIAL

MILITARY

-INDONESIA-

EAST A

RESEAR

CENTER

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY

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FOREWORD

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SEARCH a federal organi-

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SELECTED ARTICLES FROM SULUH INDONESIA

(INDONESIAN TORCH ON POSITICAL,PINANCIAL

AND MILZ SUBJECTS

-INDONESIA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ArticlePage

1. Composition of West Java Mutual-Cooperation Legislative Assembly..1

2. Task and Duties of Committees of Peoples Consultative Congress
   Outlined..3

3. Executive Boards of Peoples Consul-
   tative Congress Committees.... 6

4. Dissension reported amongPermesta Rebels8

5. "Kalahitam", Second Indonesian Subchaser launched.. 11
6. Budgetfor 1961 discussed by Cabinet....14

COMPOSITION OF WEST JAVA

MUTUAL-COOPERATION LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

Following is tie translation of an article entitled "Kompost-5 DERO-UR DJONAа Ва- rat" ( English version above) in Suluh Indonesia ( Indonesian Torch), No. 39, Vol.

VIII,17 November 1960, p. 1.7

The Governor of West Java,Colonel Mashudi,stated to

" Antara " /News Agency7that,after a final discussion with

the members of the Executive Committee and their assis- : tants, the names of the candidates for the Mutual-Coopera-

tion Legislative Assemblyof West Java would be forwarded

to the Central Government ( Minister of Interior and Auto-

nomous Areas ) on Tuesday. It wasexplained that

after the "hearings" have been held with the groups con-

cerned and after a discussion with political groupslast

night, the composition of the West Java Mutual-Cooperation

Legislative AssemblyLevel I,in accordance with thepoli-

cyof the Governor/Head of the Area, will be as follows :

The political groups receive 37 seats,i.e. 8 seats

for PNI (National Party of Indonesia7,8 seats for PKI

CommunistParty of Indonesia7, 7 seats for NU (Moslem

Scholars Party7, 4 seats for PSII (Indonesian Islam Union

Party7, 3 seats for IP-KI /Association of Supporters of

Indonesian Independence7, 2 seats for Murba ( People's

Party7,1 seat for PRN /National People's Party7, 1 seat

for Prim possibly MoslemPeople's Party7,i seat for

Perti extension of Islam Union Party7, 1 seat for Partai

Buruh (Labor Party7 and 1 seat for Partindo (Indonesia Par-

tx7.

The functional groups receive 38 seats, i.e. 10 seats

for the Armed Forces ( to include the Army,Air Force, Po-

lice, Area Secürity Organizationsand Veterans), 7 seats

for the religious sub-group ( Islam teachers,Protestant

ministers,Catholic priests),7 seats for the Spiritual

Development sub-group (Forces of 1945, intellectuals,Ar-

tists,Journalists,Youth, and Women) and 14 seats for

the MaterialDevelopment sub-group ( farmers, lebor, coope-

ratives,national enterpreneurs).

TASK AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES OF

PEOPLES CONSULTATIVE CONGRESS OUTLINED

Followingis the trenslation of an article entitled " Dacor kordja den hatas tugasMPRSditetapkan "(English version above ) in Suluh Indonesia ( Indonesian Torch), No. 40,Vol. VIII,18 November 1960, p

. 1.7
The executive board of the Peoples Consultative Con-

gresslaid down the basis for the task and duties of the

Committees of the Peoples Consultative Congress and set

the deadline for the accomplishmentof such duties. In a

resolution of the executive board of the Peoples Consul-

tative Congressit was stated that the basis for the task

of the Political Manifesto Committee are: ( 1) the Decree

of 5 July 1959;

(2) the Constitution of 1945 and (3) the

Presidential Order No. 1/1960.

With regard to the outline of the policy of the State,

its responsibility is to deliberate and formulate a draft

resolution aimed at reinforcing the Political Manifesto

of the Republic of Indonesia as the

policy of the State.

The basis of the tasks of Committees A up to and in-

cluding Fis to be: (1) the 1945 Constitution; ( 2) the

Political Manifesto; ( 3) the PresidentialMessageto the

National Planning Ministry on 28 August 1959 (in aspeech

and in written form) with regard to the over-all develop-

ment plan; (4) the explanatory Messageof the President

of 9 January1960regarding the over -alldevelopment plan;

(5) the Messageof the President at the openingof the

first session of the MPRS (Feoples Consultative Congress7

on 10 November 1960 and (6) the basic draft legislation on

the 8-YearDevelopmentPlan (1961-1969). It is the res-

ponsibility of the committees to discuss and formulate

draft outlines of the over-alldevelopment plan in the res-

pective fields of the committees. The above resolution

states that the duties of the committees must be accom-

plished by the middle of December 1960. : POLITICAL MANIFESTO COMMITTEE STARTED TO MEET.

The political Manifesto Committee headed by Roeslan

Abdulgani held a meeting yesterday to discuss and formulate

a draft resolution aimed at reinforcing the Political Ma-

nifesto as the policy of the State. According to reports,

the committee formed a five-menbody charged with drawing

up the draft.

In the meantime, the joint committee met to hear an

explanation byMinister/Head of the National Planning Mi-

nistry Prof. Dr. Moh. Yamin on the over-alldevelopment

plan whichis the product of the work of the National

Planning Ministry.

The assisting bodyfor the MPRS (Peoples Consultative

Congress organization, charged with the duty of assisting

the executive board of MPRS in matters of organization,

has been established and consists of 10 members.

The members are : K.H. Asnawi Hadisiswojo,Aminudin

Azis, Djoko Sudjono, Suparna Sastradiredja, Rasjid St. Ra-

djaEmas, T. Sutendi (Airforce Major ) ,Sudomo,Lt. Colonel

Imam Safeii,Police Superintendent AbdulrahmanSetjowibo-

wo and Himawan. This assisting bodyfor the organization

of MPRS will start itsmeeting on 21 November.

The executive board of MPRS established the following

working hours for MPRS : in the daytime from 9:00 A.M. un-

til 2:00 P.M. In the evening from 8:00 P.M. until 12:00

midnight. OnFridays during the day from 9:00 A.M. until

11:30 Α.Μ. while the evening hours are the same. For Sa-

turdays, the hours are from 9:00 A.M. until 1:00 P.M.

while no sessions are to be held in the evening. No

sessions are to be held on4holidays. Thus, the

hours for the sessions of MPRS.

EXECUTIVE BOARDS OF

PEOPLES CONSULTATIVE CONGRESS COMMITTEES

Followingis the translation of an article entitled " Pimpinan Komisi-Komisi MPRS " ( English version above ) in Suluh Indonesis ( Indonesian Torch), No. 40, Vol. VIII, 18 November 1960, p. 1.7

Theplenary session of MPRS /Peoples Consultative

Congress7last night accepted by acclamation the composi-

tion of the executive boards of the seven committees of

MPRS, each of which consists of a Chairman and 4 Vice-

Chairmen.

The executive boards of said committees arecomposed

as follows :

(1) Political Manifesto Committee
** 47 members --

Chairman : Roeslan Abdulgan; Vice-Chairmen : Colonel Dr.

Sudjono, K.H. Masjkur, Njoto and Dr. Sudarisman Purwoku-

sumo.

( 2) Committee A, which includes the field of mental

and spiritual development and of analysis814 members --

Chairman : Prof. Dr. Djokosutono : Vice-Chairmen: Mrs. Mah-

muda Mawardi, Manuaba, Air CommodoreSutojoandSiswojo.

(3 ) Committee B ( Welfare ) -- 57 membersChairman :

Njono; Vice-Chairmen : Colonel Dr.Wonojudo, Fanani, Prof.

Dr. Triarkoro and Sudarsono.

security--

(4) Committee C ( Government and /defense)
118 members--Chairman: Police Superintendent Enoch Danu-

brata; Vice-Chairmen: Winarno Danuatmodjo, Harsono Tjokro-

aminoto,Anwar Datuk Madjo Basa Nan Kuning andNungtjik

A. R.
(5) Committee D (production)
--112 members--Chair-

man : Dr. Moh. Isa; Vice-Chairmen : Colonel Latif Hendra-

ningrat,A. Achsien, Tjok Tik Tjoenand I.R. Loho.

( 6) Committee E ( distribution and communication) --

71 membersChairman: Lt. Col. Pelaut F. Suak; Vice-

Chairmen :Mardjuki Lubis, MurtadjiBisri, Sudojo and Mrs.

Umi Sardjono.

( 7) Committee F ( funds andfinancing) -- 69 members --

Chairman : H. Zainul Arifin; Vice-Chairmen : Prof. Dr. Moh.

Yamin, Colonel Badarusamsi, F. Runturambi and Dr. Subagio

Reksodipuro.

!

DISSENSION REPORTED AMONG PERMESTA REBELS

Followingis the translation of an article entitled "Salingbunuh antaragerom- bolan Permesta " (English versionabove )

in Suluh Indonesia ( Indonesian Torch), No.

49, Vol. VIII, 29 November 1960, p

. 1.7
WARROW'S FATE UNKNOWN AFTER HIS ARREST BY TIMBULENG.

Difference of opinionamongthe leaders of Permesta

(Total StruggleMovement/ about strategy and tactics re-

gardingwhat they consider total strugglehas caused the

start of astruggleforpower amongthemselves. Such wash

the explanation given by the Head of the Army's Central

Information Office,Lt. Col. Soenarjo, yesterday.

Jan Timbuleng and his followers,known for their acts

of terror even before the outbreak of the Permesta rebel-

lion, were able to consolidate their strength.Theybe-

came the object of the power struggle amongthe leaders

of Permesta who wished to strengthen their respective po-

sitions.During the struggleforpower ,Jan Timbuleng and

three of his loyal followers were assassinated on 9 Octo-

ber 1960 by Lisangan, his own Chief of Staff.

The assassination of Jan Timbuleng was carried out on

orders from higher ups who in this conflict stood on the

side of former Colonel J. F. Warrow, while Colonel H. V.

Sumual was on the opposite side of the struggle.

In his effort to strengthen his position ,Sumual de-

cided to reorganize his command and the area of action,

by reducing the division of the shrinking Permesta from

4 combat area to 2 combat area, each of which was

held by Jan Timbuleng and by former ColonelTenges respec-

tively.

WARROW ARRESTED.

This plan was not acceptable to Warrow and his fol-

lowers because it would threaten their position. Under or-

ders from former Colonel H. V. Sumual and Jan Timbuleng,

ex-Colonel J. F. Warrow, who happenedto be in the area of

Jan Timbuleng, was then arrested. Untiltoday, the fate of

former Colonel J. F. Warrow is not known.

In this internalstruggle, at least 2 or 3 Permesta

battalions weredestroyed. This form of internal struggle,

conducted by the Permesta command, has been followed by

Permesta followers with great anxiety .In order to avoid

complete destruction, a greatnumber of the members of

Jan Timbuleng forces have goneover to the side of the Re-

public of Indonesia. As has been reported earlier ,Cap-

tainRobby Parengkuan and 272 members of his forces,with

159pieces of arms, in the middle of last October returned

to the ranks of the Republic of Indonesia at Tombatu.

In the meantime, the Permesta command, even thoughit

is nolonger a compactunit, for psychological reasons so

far has not shown a willingness to accept the line of po-

licy drawn by what is called the Associated Republicof

Indonesia (R.P.I.).

"ΚΑΙΑΗΙΤΑΜ", SECOND INDONESIAN SUBCHASER

LAUNCHED

Followingis the translation of an article entitled " Kalahitam " pemburu kapalse lam II diluntjurkan" (English version above) in Suluh Indonesia ( Indonesian Torch), No. 51, Vol. VIII,1 December 1960, p. 1.7

PRODUCT OF INDONESIAN LABOR AND SKILL.

" Kalahitam", a subchaser of the Republic of Indonesia,

builtby the NavyEstablishment ( P.A.L. ) in Surabaja for

the Navyof the Republic of Indonesia, was launched last

Monday eveningat 8:55 P.M.

"Kalahitam"glided into the water from its dock af-

ter Mrs. R. E. Martadinata cut the rope from the mooring.

As the shiphit the water, those who attended the cere-

monyof the launchingwaved and applauded, joined by the

labor of P.A.L.

Mrs. Martadinata wished god speed to the Director of

P.A.L.,Lt. Col. Sujono, followed by good wishes from the other authorities who were present. Lt. Col. Sujono then shook hands with some of the employees and the P.A.L. la-

bor who watched the launching.

LAUNCHING OF " KALAHITAN " SHOWED ABILITY OF P.A.L.

Minister/NavyChief of Staff Rear Admiral Martadina-

ta, who could not attend the ceremonyof the launching of

"Kalahitam", stated in his writtenmessagewhich was read

byLt. Colonel Sujono that " Kalahitam ", the second sub-

chaser to be launched at P.A.L., showed the ability of

P.A.L. to produce with the assistance of national mind and efforts.

It ishopedthat the launching of " Kalahitam" will be

the beginning of a continuous production of the NavyEs-

tablishment.

In hisspeech,Lt. Col. Sujono expressed his sincere

appreciation for the efforts of those whoparticipatedin

the building of " Kalahitam".

Theshipyards of P.A.L. will continue to build ships

so that the time will come when the peopleof Indonesia

will nolongerhave to obtain ships from

foreign countries.

It ishopedthat the completion of " Kalahitam " willprove

" Jalesveva Yajamane" ( at sea we shall be victorious).

SECOND SUBCHASER.

The Indonesian ship" Kalanitam" is the second sub-

chaser built in Indonesia and completed byIndonesians,

the firstbeing the subchaser " Kelabang ".

Thelength of R.I. "Kalahitam" is 45.75 meters, the

beam is 5 meters and the displacement 147 tons, with a

cruising speedof 18.6 miles per hour and has accomodations

for 25 persons. Her armement is the standard armament for

subchasers.

:

BUDGET FOR 1961 DISCUSSED BY CABINET

Followingis the translation of an article entitled " A B 1961 dalam Ka- binet" ( English version above) in Suluh Indonesia ( Indonesian Torch) No. 52, Vol. VIII, 2 December 1960,

p. 1.7
TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE THE START OF BUDGET YEAR.

Theplenary session of the working Cabinet held yes-

terday at the IndependencePalace concentrated on the disi-

cussion of the StateBudgetof 1961.

Theplenary session, attended byall the Ministers,

started at 9:00 A.M. and closed at 3:00 P.M. under the

leadership of President Sukarno.

As it is known, starting with 1961 the Government a-

dopta different system than in previousyears in

drawing up the budget. For thecoming year of 1961, the

Budgetwill include a BudgetforDevelopment and a Budget

for routineexpendituresand non-developmentReconstruc-

tion.

IN PARMONY WITH DECISIONS OF THE PEOPLES CONSULTATIVE

CONGSESS.

According to the Minister of Information Maladi,the

State budgetfor 1961 must take into serious consideration

the decisions taken by the MPRS /Peoples Consultative Con-

gress7 with regard to over -all NationalDevelopmentPlan

and itsfinancing.

In order to assist the President in the task of es-

tablishing an equitable budget which would include the fi-

nancing of the ✓ over -alldevelopment plan to be a-

dopted byMPRS, a Budget Committee was formed, headed by

First Minister Djuanda and furthercomposedof the Minis-

ter of Finance, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minis

ter of National Security, the Minister of Production,the

Minister of Distribution, the Minister ofDevelopment,

the Minister of Education and Culture, the Minister of In-

formation and the Minister of People'sEnergy Mobilization

( Sudibjo ). As members and assistants of the Committee, the

Governor of Bank Indonesia, the President of the Over-all

Development Bank of Indonesia and the Treasurer General

have been appointed.

This Committee isexpected to submit its report to

the President as soon aspossible.

YEAR OF 1961 WITH A 1961 BUDGET.

The Minister of Information Maladi, in reply to a

question submitted to him, stated that in accordance with

the development plan for Indonesia,the center of gravi-

ty of the1961 Budget isduely placed on the over-all de-

velopment plan. The total amount of the 1961 Budget can on-

ly be determined after the decision on the development

plan has been taken byMPRS, in order to avoid any possi-

ble discrepancies. In essence, the State Budget which has

been determined byMPRS isbinding.

In his statement,Minister Maladiemphasizedthat be-

fore the beginning of 1961 the matter of the State Budget

for 1961 will be determined so that the new yearwill be

started with the implementationof the budget, based on

what has been decided upon. Thus, the statement of Minis-

ter Maladi.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN TO BE SUBMITTED TO MPRS PLENARY : SESSION MEXT SATURDAY.

Acting Chairman ofMPRS,Chairul Saleh, in the mean

time declared that MPRS is at present occupied with the

task of drafting Resolution No. II/MPRS/1960regarding

the over -alldevelopment plan, together with its informal

opinions to be attached to said resolution.

It ishopedthat the matter will be discussed in the

LUPRSplenary session next Saturday and it ishopedthat

it would beready then to be decided upon. The resolution

of MPRS No. II/MPRS/1960 will be submitted to President

Sukarno inDjakarta after the State Guest (probably : Gene-

ralAyubof Pakistan/has left Indonesia.

:

2218 END

62*

JPRS : 4388

8 February 1961

ECONOMIC INFORMATION ON INDONESIA

Photocopiesof thisreport be purchased from :

LIBRARY

D. C.
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE 1636 CONNECTICUT AVE., N.W.
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

FOREWORD

This publicationwas prepared under contract

by the NITED STATES JOINT PUBLICATIONS RE-

SEARCH SERVICE, a federalgovernment organi-

zation established to service the translation

and research needs of the variousgovernment

departments.

JPRS : 4388

CSO : 1218-S/b

ECONOMIC INFORMATION ON INDONESIA.

[Following are the translations of articles on the above subject,selected from various Indonesian sources. Source infor-

each article]

Relationship National and 1

Djatiluhur Hydroelectric Project 5

Credits for Factory 6

Decisions of the Inter-Service Conference of the Bank of Indonesia 7

Transistor Radios for Hinterland Government Officials 9

a

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL INCOME AND DEVELOPMENT

[Followingis a translation of an articleby Doctoral Candidate Noeljatno S. in Mimbar Indonesia (Pulpit of Indonesia), 1 October 1960, pages 9 and 11].

absolutely wrong income and income

of thegovernment are one and the same. The income of the governmentis derived from taxes ,profits of the nation's industries,etc. and is only a small partof the national This is because national income

is the total of all the energy andactivity of a nation, usually

added over a period of one year.

It must be clear that discussing the national income and the

income of thegovernmentare two different things. A discussion of national income has a much wider scope than one ofgovernment income. In general,the problemof national income may be considered the essential pointof all the problemsof economicplanning. This is also stated in the old Five-Year Plan of the National Bureau of Planning. There it was firstroughly ascertained how much ,expressedinpercentager, the national income will have togrowto enable us to ascertain the size of the investment necessary to increase productionineveryfield in order to raise the standard of living. National income therefore appearsto be the fundamental partof the mentioned Five -Year Plan. In addition to national income being the maintarget for estimating investment as mentioned above,it hasmany more uses when we connect it with problems ofdevelopment. It looks like a goodidea to mention several uses of national income: to explainmoreclearly its connection with the present period ofdevelopmentof our nation.

1. Investmentpolicy, the extent of which will be dependent on
   the desired increase in national income,has to be used asefficientlyas possible inthose economic areas where the production needs to be increased. When one knows the total size of the production factor of the national income and the results ofevery sector of industry,all that remains to be selected is theparticular sector that needs an increase in production.

2. The national income can then be used to analyze the extent
   of the creation of newcapital in the governmental, private and rural sectors. This enables us tocomputethe growthof new investments so importantfor an investment program.

3. The problemof national income can further be used to decide
   the direction the development (industrial, agrarian,etc. ) istaking.

4.Finally( there are indeed many more uses) the national inc

is used to measure :

:

a. Level of wealth of the people, by means of the size
of per capitaincomepublishedin the annual estimate.

b. Level of productivity and marginal productivity of the
factors of production.

c.Level of inflation, by comparing income expressed
in

real income.

d. To discover the results,ifany,of the originalprogram.
e. Finally,to also private foreign
activity inthe processofshaping production and mentioned explanations are sufficient to us that every development provincial as well as national) not based uponnational or provincial incomefigures is like a program without direction or guessworkthat can be the cause of a trend indevelop- ment. There are three stagesincomputing national

1. Gatheringof statistical material
2. Preparingthis material
3. Analyzing the prepared material
   Activities under 1 and 2 are similar to statistical work for research, surveys and similar things,while activities under three can be comparedwith themeasuringtool, deciding the wisdom in leading, shaping and computing programsof economic development.

It must be admitted that in Indonesia the necessary material is as

yetfar from complete. Many aspectsof the development programs (national andprovincial) are based only on guessing and trial and error. This is an altogetherinsufficient foundation for justifiable computations.

It is evident from the computationsof Neumark ( former expertof

the National Bureau of Planning) that :

1. A huge percentageof our national income ( between 50 and
   60%) has its origin in the agrarian sector. In other words, we

stilldependto a great extent onagriculture. Itsexpansion

depends on the available land and the state of our tools.

2. Our per capitaincome is still low. If the figures
   of Neumark are rightit is still lower than in 1933 (1938 : 39 florins;1951 : 35.5 florins or 905rupiahs;1952 : 34.4 florins or 1,033 rupiahs annually.

3. There is aninflationary tendency,which means a distinct
   decline in the value of the rupiah,or that it isby no means certain that what appears to be our income at firstglanceis increasing, although expressedin currencyitappearsto be increasing. We have toanalyze the three -way evidenceresultingfrom the figures of national income to decide upon a method of getting a clearer understandingof economic development. De 1 : It is clear that oureconomyisbadly balanced;it is of agrarian nature. Thefollowingcan be said of anagricultural nation :

a.Itseconomyissusceptible to foreign influences. Ne
have to import manyessentials from foreign countries. We are therefore forced into a veryweakposition. Our exportis on the other hand dependent upon the economic outlook abroad,and as vendors of raw materials our position is also not strong.

b. For itsexpansion, agriculture depends upon two
conditions that can hardly be changed : the soil and the world situation. This causes the increase in agriculture not to match the great growthin population.

c. Such a structure of agricultureis the cause of the
undynamicattitude of the people. This is also the reason that the population as a source ofenergyis piledupin oneplace or island. Manpowerresources are therefore badly balanced. Re 2 : This appears indeed to be the consequenceof what we

mentioned under lb. The inhabitants of Java therefore to agrocultural areas on other islands that can still or industries will to founded Thus, the prosperity are looking forward to isyetin the far future start figuring find that the per capitaisonly about 3.00 rupiahs per day which appears to only the bare necessaryfor proper living in our freecountry. Re 3 : Inflation of prices or the slipping value of the rupiahshow that the increase in the circulation of currency does not balance the increase in the flow of products. There are four situations that cause inflation :

a) Flow of products issteady--withmoneycirculation
increasing

b) Flow of products decreases--withmoneycirculation
increasing

c) Flow of products decreases--withmoneycirculation
steady

d) Flow of products increases--withmoneycirculation
increasing

It is clear that as long as weexperience one of these situations

(a, b,c and d) we will notice a declining value of therupiah. This inflation of course stimulates investment, but this stimulated investment will not be able to produce new industries to match the increase of currency in circulation. Consequently the problem of investment r ins difficult,a condition generally found inunderdeveloped nations. This inflation results in increased pressure on thelivingconditions of the

peopleof Indonesia the of om to invest their real decreases the their purchasing power declines until the desire to invest in the country dis- appears increase in finally piles circulates in the financial centersresulting in

a)spiral of inflation in the cities
b) Deflation in thevillagesand rural areas In other words, face adisturbing influence in the financial,
credit and situation that us. Final observations and conclusions national figuresand the above described thoughts be used to advantagein the following that will lead us to prosperity:

• -

1. Clear and honest planningand development looking to concrete
   results. The amount of our planning based on guesses has to be diminished because it results in loss of capitaland energy. A clear basis is therefore essential.

2. will to the structure of our fast
   Industrialization on a great scale looks like of the of changing the structure improving the standard of living

3. inflationary tendency has to used as a to guide
   our investmentpolicyit should be directed toward those areas where the increase of production greater than the increase of the circulation for these investments

10,319

-4 -

THE DJATILUHUR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

[Followingis a translation of an article in Pedoman ( Compass) 11 October 1950, p1.]

The various projects for Djatiluhur,close to Purwakarta,will be completed, according to the timetable, in 1964. Theseprojects include water supply, electricity,flood control,fisheries and,when finished,tourism. That is what Antara (a newsagency ) learned from the Departmentof Construction and Energy during yesterday's tour of the project. The main intention of this projectis to dam the Tarum river with a dam about 100 meters high,which will create an artificial lake of8,000 hectares, having a capacity of 3 billion cubic meters. This lake is for water storage. Thesurplus of water in the rainyseason will not be wasted, but stored to be used in the dry season. Then the lake of Djatiluhuriscompleted and theirrigation systeminstalled, 240,000 hectares in theplains of DekasiTjikampek and Tjipunemarawill yield two harvests per year. Incomparison with the present situation,this will result in an increase of the rice harvest of 300,000 tons annually, and this means savingsof foreign assets used to buy rice abroad of $37,000,000. Downstream from the Djatiluhurdam on the Tarum is located the Walahar dam. It canirrigate during the rainyseason 80,000 hectares and in the dry season 10,000 hectares. As an extra result,without additional water works and expansion of theirrigation system,the Walahar dam will irrigate in the dry season also80,000 hectares. This means70,000 tons more rice per year (foreign assets savingsof 28,000,000 annually). The construction of a river dam causes an increased difference between the water level inside and outside the artificial lake. This will be used to generate electricity. Six turbines will be installed, each of25,000 kwcapacity;the amount of electricitygenerated per yearwill be 700 million kw hr. LakeDjatiluhur will look like an enormous fishpond. Accordi to theDepartmentof Fresh Water Fisheries, 800 tons per year of fresh water fishmay be taken from this lake. Total developmentexpenses, including high voltage wiring from Djatiluhur to Jakarta andBandung and the expansionof the electrical connections in those cities,wereoriginallyestimated to be $70 million but have increased to 100 millions.

10,319

GOVERNMENT

[Followingis a translation of an article in ( Compass) of 10 October 2.]

The head of the Eureau of KDH ( abbreviation unknown],M. A. Nawawi

M. A., explains that the Central Government has made a definite decision regarding the construction of a rayon factory at Semangus andregarding its location, startingdate and available capital. From the start theprovincial government decided that this development projectwas not to be handled on a small scale,and it has therefore undertaken to make it as good as possible. Heexplained that the people of the province where it will be built have received itenthusiastically. In this connection, according to M. A. Manawi,the people have already prepared a location of10,000 hectares which will be presentedfor thispurposefree ofcharge to the government. It is the intention that Professor Engineer Kosasih and Sapar Bey of theDepartmentof Basic Industries will arrive inPalembang on 10 October to finish the problemof the land that has alreadybeen made available by the peopleof this province. Finallywe learned that the Central Government has alreadymade available 10 million rupiahs asstarting capital. The construction of theplant will start next year, close to the stationHudjan Mas.
10,319

DECISIONS OF THE INTER-SERVICES CONFERENCE OF THE DANK OF INDONESIA

[Followingis a translation of an article in Pantjawarta (Many Reports ) 10 October 1960, page 1.]

The managementof the Bank Negara Indonesia conducted its sixth inter-services conference 3-7 October 1960 in thepresenceof all heads of districts,branch managersof offices in Indonesia, Singapore and Tokyo. On the basis of discussion,a betterunderstandingwas reached between top management and branchmanagementinregards to the policy to be followed inmanagingthe Bank Negara Indonesia. The conference also formulated in the rough the outlines for the work programfor 1961. Personnel policy The conference realized the personnel policy to be the most important factor in carrying out the work of the bank. Proper and conscientious attention waspaid to the problemof capital. Its policy was worded in a document ofexpensesof the Bank Negara Indonesia. Decisions were written downregarding rightsand duties of the personnel of the bank that has as its most important function carrying out its mandateregarding thesufferings ofthe people. Eank business The agendaof the conference regarding bankingactivities was divided into : (1.) Activities inside the country

(2) Activities abroad Of the internal activities the problemof credit was most urgent. The credit policyis in accordance with the decision of the
Government and the flow of credit is directed toward the sectors of import and export. A great portionof theexpensesforimport and export have bee allocated togovernment and other licensed enterprises. Other sectors,such as distribution,received as much attention as possible from the pointof view of political and economic monetary development as well as regarding the financial strength of the Bank. In 1950 loans amounted to about four billionrupiahs. Mutual understanding as well asgood relationshipsbetween the Bank and its customers are very necessaryin the interest of both sides. Giving service In addition to extendingcredit,the Bankprovides the community with the following services : remittances ofmoney, checking account services, depositsandsavings accounts, collections of letters of credit within the country,sale and purchaseof stock,etc. Progresswas also made in these sectors;which means that the people's trust in the Bank Negara Indonesia has increased. In August, savings operationswere started in Djakarta as apilot project,the intentionbeingin the firstplace to mobilize the funds the people are hoarding.

The result wasvery satisfactory,so that very soon the savings passbooks were even in short supply. Service to and relations with the people In accordance with the expandingactivities of the Bank,constant efforts are made to provide the best possible service to customers and to thepublic in general. To reach this goal thefollowingmethods are

used ,amongothers education of the personnel of operations. In addition the Negara Indonesia is itselfobligated to be a specialinstitute that has to intensify its contacts with society to make the people acquainted with and use its services

10,319

TRANSISTOR RADIOS FOR HINTERLAND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

[Followingis a translation of an article in Pedoman ( Compass ) 11 October 1960, page 2.]

The Departmentof Industry of the Peopleis activelyengaged in distributing inexpensive radios for the remotestvillage governments that have noelectricity. Those entrusted with the execution ofManipol/Usdek feel the great necessityof giving information to the people in alloutlying places. Manytransistor radios that operate on batteries are therefore needed. Thegeneral price for such a radio madebyTransistor Radio Co. inTjawang, Djakarta of 6300.00 rupiahsis considered too highfor the financial strengthof the village population. The Departmentof Industry announces that it has made this year17,500,000.00 rupiahsin foreign assets available to buy these radios. The remotestvillage governments will thus be able tobuy them for 3,450.00 rupiahs. These transistor radios use six batteries sufficient for1,000 hours. Whenthey are exhausted it will not be too difficult for the people to buy new batteries,since thepriceis not high.

10,319-IND-

62 * 186

JPRS : 4389

9February 1961

POLITICAL INFORMATION ON INDONESIA

Photocopiesof this reportpurchased from :

LIBRARY

D. C.
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESERACH SERVICE 1636 CONNECTICUT AVE., N.W.
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

FOREWORD

This publicationwas prepared under contract

by the NITED STATES JOINT PUBLICATIONS RE-

SEARCH SERVICE, a federalgovernment organi-

zation established to service the translation

and research needs of the variousgovernment

departments.

JPRS : 4389

CSO : 1218-S/c

POLITICAL INFORMATION ON INDONESIA

[Following are translations of articles on the above

subject, selected from Indonesian sources. Source information accompanies each article]

CONTENTS PAGE

The Place of Indonesian Political Parties 1

The Problem of Freedom of the Press 7

Guide to the Functions of the Press 10

-a-

THE PLACE OF INDONESIAN POLITICAL PARTIES

✓Followingis a translation of an articleby Sjamsi D. N.

in Mimbar Indonesia (Pulpit of Indonesia) 8 October 1960, pages 13 and 14/:

I am convinced that no matter how much the elements ofdemocracy

in their generallyaccepted sense are shriveling up,the right of freedom ofspeechis living in a guided democracy. We will have to confine it to a narrowspot, though. In a narrow place, certainly onlyliberties that gowild will be unable to find a right to live. We are therefore fortunate to find vast andsatisfying aspirations instead of the commotion weexperienced formany years as a result of liberalism. Is it really fortunate that we find ourselves in such a situation ?

I think that historyhas given us an adequate reply, looking at it in

thelight of the laws of the revolution as well as the ideas thesis- antithesis-synthesis ,resembling a cycle ofphenomena.

Ibelieve that in this connection we can introduce the problem

of the partysystemin Indonesia. This is the fundamental problem,

according to Aliarmy command West Borneo, South Sumatra, and South Celebes.

It isstrange that thepeople only arefeeling threatened

in their positionthey not long alreadyafflicted with tuberculosis? That sickness of dry tightening the chest, which theytried tosuppress as they wanted to adhere to the doctor's advice. Surely,ifthey had givenin to the itching throat and vomitting blood ,sudden death would have been the result. However,howlongwill they remain alive when these microbes start to crawl all over ? But what is lifeanywaywithout thepossibility of stretching one's legs ? Lean and shriveled as that Aki in the story of Bung Idris, who at best was able to strun the guitar. Who, just toconsole his heart, could play the guitar during twilight to revive romantic memories of the times he spent with agirl. But what does egocentric love ofbygone years mean when people spoil the sweet beauty of this world whilehoneymooningin the villas around the Puntjakweekend mountain resort of Djakarta?

If one could smile insympathyit would not become more than a

bitter reaction. Bitter salute to a nearby and much feared death. Do we have toexpose these faults? Is the above mentioned sickness not

the result of obesity while tastingall the food in the restaurants around the Puntjak ? In Mimbar Indonesia, number 37 of 10 September 1960, my colleague Zoebeir A. Hadid touchesuponthisproblem. But comrade Zoebeir takes only a problem that wasduring that weekvery topical .Yet what is wrong about it when I discuss inpassing the happenings that preced

it? I shallrepeat the course of events. Peoplethink about the pro

lems of the revolution in all kinds of manners. Based on these ideas wetry to approach the present balance ofpowerto predict the near future. Wejust start at the time before the revolution of the PRRI PERMESTA Partai Rakjat Republik Indonisia-People's Party of the Republicof Indonesia_7. Itbegins withAhmad Husein and VentjeSamuel with their demands on the centralgovernment. Important was their demand formoneyto begin with.They explainedit to be for the developmentof the province, whereas thedevelopment was being undertaken by the people themselves accordingto the systemof mutual assistance. Werepeat mutual assistence. But it wasprobablylike the systemof building roads on Java under the Dutch. Another reason was their accusation about widespread corruptionin the center ofgovernment. On the contrary,as soon as these people receivedmoneyfrom the centralgovernment they started to stuff their own stomachs. Apparently because thegovernmentdid not want to quarrel ,it openedthe public purse. So the trickle of inflation was opened up again to unite with the deficits of the provinces that had not been covered for years. The hopeof thegovernmentto increase itsforeign assets grew dim because the provinces started a barter system. Even in front of thegatesof Tandjong Priok it was demonstrated how weak the measures of the government were at that time. In this matter thegovernmenttwice deserted its principles. First it was forced to accept themockeryof itsrepresentativesin the provinces. The second time it was forced toaccept the burden of inflation because it surrendered to the claims of the provinces. This evidence made the challengers of thegovernmentboldenough tosay that iftheywere to cut the ties with the centralgovernmen completely,it would die without a sound,not being able topayits civil servants.On the other hand thisopinion caused these peopleto make an evenbigger mistake in their calculations.They thought that the centralgovernment would share the same fate as capitalism, that is, diggingits owngrave by wayofpermanentcrises. Fortunatelythis error also enabled our governmentto maintain itself. If this had not been the case, we would have witnessed the bitterest provincial fragmentationin history. At first the challengers of the government presumedthat it would retire with one blow, but after the second they delivered a senseless coup.In this situation theironly adversary was AliSastroamidjojo, whoquickly returned hismandate to the president. He wasapparently unable to cope with the small dignitaries just emerged from the revolution

with some littleknowledgeof politics. However, neither Ali nor Djuanda (the engineer) himself, but a great partof the population rememberedhistory; all alone they had to face small party bosses who represented the people. Who emerged during these critical moments? Thedignitaries of thebig partiesso clever in Parliament ? Or did an angel from heaven descend to whisper in their ears to keep in mind that the series of events would force them to theedgeof the jungle ? Everybody waswaiting for Sukarno. The people don't idolize him, but in their fearthey said: we hope that Sukarno's wisdom will overcome these problems.

Idon't know whether we realized it,but the formal powerof the

cabinet based on the confidence of Parliament had indeed been trans- fered a long time agoto the hands of the president. This time he d notjust keepsilent as he had done somany years as constitutional president. He wascertainly tired of looking at the faces of party dignitarieswhom the prime ministers installed as ministers. An inferior kind ofcompromise trading had propelled thesedignitaries to the palace to be installed as ministers. Less than a yearlater they used to be as crippled as the old donkey outside the building of Parliament. Was it not onlyhuman that the president had enoughof it?Again and again he received statements from the prime ministers that their cabinet would return its mandate. The dayafter, he looks againfor a new face to form a cabinet while keepingin touch with party dignitaries, These people are then proposed bytheir parties.

It isonlyhuman that Sukarno often pondered on this: if he

did not, we may say that he posesses thepolitical sharpness that Stalin had before World War II.During interim periods, he can only ask his own advice. Are there indeed other people who possess more influence than he? Does not every important occasion always await his presence, and is this not a clear sign that no other people can solve these problems ? Can the revolution proceed guided by personswho surrender quickly? Would it not be better if hispersonal influence were used to continue the revolution for ahappy country? Would he not be accused ofbeing a dictator ? Where is the real essence of that dictatorship ?How to defend your principleswhen peoplecallyou a dictator ? Well, every philosophical question also contains its own philosophicalanswer. This is more or less what the presidentwas pondering. Then he arrived at the conclusion to appoint himself to form the firstKarya [work_7 cabinet. The underlying views and considerations in hissuggestions have not receivedenoughattention up till now, neither from the cabinets nor from the party dignitarieswho stillhopedfor political stability from the democratic liberalsystem. Whenthey heard that Sukarno had appointed himself to form a cabinet, thepoliticiansbecamepanicky because this action was unprecedented. There were no constitutional provisions topermit a

constitutional presidentsuch action. Sukarno could not possibly have any other intentionexcept becominga dictator. Sukarno's assumption that he would be accused of dictatorship wrong. But he would not had

retreated onestep from his viewpoint consider this without asking ourselves whether each of his thoughts contained the answer by the revolution, with its facets In short,his distinctpersonal influence in allproceedings are well known from the very beginning of the national movement therefore turn to his experience in the struggle of his PNI Partai Nasioanl Indonesia-National Party of Indonesia /and his knowledge of world revolution. The French revolution brought Napoleonforth, who, although hated by a certain part of the influentialpeople, up to now has received quitesomepraise. The Bolshevic revolution has its leader, Stalin. The present leaders of Russia now consider him a

scoundrel. Nevertheless, an honest without involving ourselves in theconceptionthat itexactly Stalin the founder of Russia that navigatein outer space. panic of thepoliticalbosses clearer after the president ordered the return to the constitution of 1945. This resu in quick withdrawal of the council for the preparation of the corti- tution. His next move was to dissolve Parliament, but before that he had already altered the measures for reconstruction of the government and the equipmentof the country. These measuresinspired interpretations of the law. Could these

measures be accounted for or not ? Was the decree of the president imposed upon the constitution or parallel with it? Should the decisions and measures of the president really legalized by Parliament more, for the president philosophical questions contain their answers. He knew behind all those questions and answers regardinghis actions

I feel that the criticism of Sukarno in thisrespectis

than a drive without substance. It share the fate of the Greek orators of the Middle Ages. don't have torepeat which instruments ofgovernment have already overhauled by Sukarno. importantfor us are therefore the facts and not the partiesare nowthinking of That laws that have not even yet a constitutional basis are endangered does not exactly disturb us. So now the events are more or less connected;as a red thread around the throats of thepolitical parties.And what is more, when this thread is stretched forward all the way,littlepale dolls are seen dangling from itsveryend. Because the presentsituation is connected with Presidential Decree number 7-1959, which put a noose around the necks of thepolitical parties Masjumiand PSI /Partai Serikat Indonesia-UnionParty of Indonesia7 we should take alook at the events surrounding the organization ofPeperda.

Why exactly were the above mentionedparties hit byPresidential Decree 7-1959 ? Because it isgenerallyknown that dignitaries of these parties were involved in the revolt of PRRI and PERMESTA, while these parties themselves never condemned the dignitaries that were involved. Because the attitude of these twoparties rather confused the government. It was even possible that because they were not readyto support Manipol and Usdek, this final blow had to bringthem down. These are the corpses of that Aki Iterm unexplainedin source_7, the first ones in history to be covered byPresidential Decree 7-1959 as the tombstone. Is Aki really dead? In a formal sense of course, bi a don't have to cry aboutit. After the death of the two Akis there are other peoplethat must become Aki because these people cannot livethroughthisage. No matter in what manner itmay come, their death cannot be prevented. In spite of Buddha's teachings, that man will not die direct and straight. Hejustroams around in a more intimate incarnation before he reaches heaven. But is this also the case with political parties? We leave the questionto those who like to answer it.

Itappears that the death of these two Akis was received with

boisterous support by those who did not want Aki to live. Even before Aki's last breath theyfelt itnecessarytospeed uphis death. Now those who are still living want to grab Usdek term not explainedin source 7.Everybody claims the right topossessit. This is because Usdek itself is not asfoolproof aswas hoped by those who fathered it. They had hopedto giveitmagic powerof justice. This can be observed in the everyday languagethat has clearer tendencies to balance the viewpoints within the society. Soexpressions sometimes do not reflect whatreally lives in heartand soul. This is proved by the existence ofsymptomsthattry to play the government and its executive organsoffagainst each other .Symptomsthat want to turn the course of Manipol to the North and South Pole; until even the birth of Manipol is perverted to serve the state of paralysis of these people. The people whojustseek Sukarno's shelter for politicaladvan- tages can turn the president ,whosincerelywants to establish socialism quickly, into an Ingker/a kind ofsquirrelfrom Borneo's interior that can look in all directionsby turningits neck like apivot_7. But I am convinced that Sukarno will cutwit them by realizing that the right answer lies in the National Front that he founded. When the stillliving partieswant to exert their influence over the masses, the National Front, verymuch like a mass organizationitself, can be mobilized in a much morepracticalmanner. As once Aki did, the parties that wish to fight its strength could thus find their own grave. When the presentsituation works out smoothly, we see a state party in the future. This could possiblymean the tombstone for the next Akis. Even so, there are stillmany questions .Will thesystem of oneparty or a national party improve the conditions under which

socialism can materialized ? The future willgive the answer.We only that future generations will not so dumb, blind idiotic as to take their own future for granted

10,319

THE PROBLEM OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

✓

[FFollowingis the translation of an articleby Zoebeir

A. Hadid in Mimbar Indonesia (Pulpit of Indonesia) 8 October 1960
,pages 5 and 6

At the end ofSeptemberof this year, upon instructionsof Peperti

✓Penguasa Perang Tertinggi-HighCommand of the Armed Forces7four

printing offices were seized in Djakartaand one each inBandung, Semarang, Surabaya and Makassar. This seizure forces all thenewspapers that were printed by these_enterprisesto stop publication,exceptfor

the daily Pikiran Thoughtof the People7Bandung, probably because the Java is allowed to use its in executing the order of the High Command. Thedaily papers that are forced to stoptheir publicationthroughthis seizure are Berita Indonesia / of Indonesia_/ Pedoman /Compass7 Abadi Eternal7, Duta Masjarakat Nusantara/Envoyof Society and Archipelago 7 in Djakarte,Suara Merdeka /Free Voice in7Semarang,Suara Rakjat People's Voice inSurabaya,and Rakjat/People's/of Makassar.

It is that the reason for the seizure is that these printing

offices, bought with credit, are thoughtto be used or going to be used to interfere with the public orderand peace and the Manifecto Politik Political Manifesto, a part of Sukarno'sspeechof 17 August 1959_7 that has become the guidefor the nation. Probablyfor this last reason,i.e., interference with the execution of the Political Manifesto, the publishing license of thenewspaper Nusantara/Archipelago7was; completely revoked by the Command of Greater Djakarta in accordance with instructions from the HighCommand. Thispaperis known to be veryanti- communist and is headed by somebody whose attitudeduring the time of armed revolution isopen tocriticism. When one paysattention to the names of the papers that are unable to publish on account of the seizure, except perhpasthe dail papers Duta Masjarakat and Berita Indonesia,prejudiced people may consider the seizure askillingthe press that isthoughtto beright wing,liberal and in opposition to thegovernment. But such prejudice is untrue and unfounded,as proved byseveral explanations that can be believed by thosewho want to believe. The first and mostimportant:: proofis the explanation of the Minister of Information,Maladi, that only the printing offices were seized,while the newspapersthat were stopped (temporarily)maybeprinted soon again, inthe beginning under firm conditions,ormaylook for other printers. This last

solution is theoreticallypossible ,butpractically impossibleon account of the limited capacity of the existing printers or those not seized by thegovernment. The second proofis that the publishing license of thedaily paper Nusantara was revoked, while this was not the case with the other papershitbythe seizure. This is another signand indication that it is,of course, not the intention of the governmentto kill the papers that are (considered to be) not in favor of USDECK /UUD 1945, Socialisme Indonesia, Demokrasi Terpimpin,Ekonomi Terpimpin, Kepri- badian Indonesia--Constitution of 1945, IndonesianSocialism, Guided Democracy, Guided Economy, Personality of Indonesia7 and the Political, Manifesto. Other proof is that Pikiran Rakjat/Thoughtof the People7 is stillappearinginBandung, althoughits printing establishment, as weexplainedabove,was seized by thegovernment. It is clear too that there are still several other newspapersall over Indonesia thatmay

stillpublish, although they are considered to be of theright wing

and liberal, oropposedto USDEK and the Political Manifesto.

It is, of course, wiser for thegovernmentnot to "kill"newspapers

that are supposedto be opposedto the Political Manifesto. As long as they pay attention to the law and do not opposein a wild and disorderlymanner thegovernment program and the Political Manifesto by usingall kinds of ruses, instigations, falsifications and evidence that is twisted out ofshape.Just killingpapers considered to be of the opposition looks likegiving ammunition and gunpowderto the anti-government parties. The head of theArmyInformation Center said in hiscommentary on the seizure of the printing offices that it will be of influence on the problemofpeace and that isexactlywhat needs to be improved. The newspaperof the PNI /Partai Nasional Indonesia -

National Party of Indonesia7 Suluh Indonesia /Torch of Indonesia_7 wrote in a comment on the seizure that the freedom toexpress one's thoughts and convictions verbally andin writing isguaranteedin the Undang-UUD / Umum Dasar the Constitution 7. Therefore anti-government circles will certainly seizeuponthe opportunity to accuse the government ofbreaking the constitution, should the freedom of expressing one's

or in writing attacked. The stop the opposition newspapers, butcertainlynot all the voices that circulate whispers and poisonous-probably dangerous than printed matter. It is logical there can no controversy about it that the, dutyit is to follow the course and the ideals of the country,isobligated to eliminate all elements that thwart and that duty. This includes the press, the vital instrument inshaping public opinionBut intaking against the press, the difference thoseclearlyuse all kinds of ruses to thwart the execution of the Political Manifesto and those are still mixed up an attitude of wait and The last mentioned kind of pressis not yet on the side

of Manipol /Manifesto Politik7,but does not opposeits execution and limits itself to bringingup discussions. To this kind of press as Col Basuki Rachmat, chairman of the Committee to Revise and Guide the Functions of the Press, declared, sufficient time has to be givento come to terms with the atmosphereof Usdek. In the meantime it remains a problem whether the papers that have been given time to come to terms will also be allowed to exercise their journalistic activities,althoughafter some time theystill have not officiallydeclared themselves on the side of USDEK and the Political Manifesto, but during that period also did not exercise anyactivites that can be considered as hampering the execution of the principles that have been explained as the course and compassof this nation. Probably on account of the vexing nature of thisproblem, the people have not yet received anyclarification from the Comittee to Guide the Press, whose dutyit is to explainthisproblem. As a sample of this problem,we take, forinstance, the English language newspaper Times of Indonesia,publishedin Djakarta. Upto now thispaper has not officially indicated through its articles and editorials whether it is

in favor of the Political Manifesto, but it can not be accused of being : an of the policies of thegovernment The US is often criticized on account of its current policy that be as follows: "Those not in favor of America are against America and therefore enemies of America. " It is clear that this policy is not correct, because between America (the Western Nations ) and the USSR (the Communist bloc) are countries thatpursue active and independent policies ,convinced that they play an important partincreating a peaceful world withouttieingthemselves, or because they do not tie themself to a bloc. The Committee to Renovate and Guide the Functions of the Press is obligated andqualified to decide whether the above mentioned parable will beapplied to the Indonesian press.

10,319

GUIDE TO THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESS

✓Followingis a translation of an article in Pos Indonesia

(Indonesian Post ) 9 October 1960, page1.7

The Committee for Renovation and Guidance of the Press was today in session in the Ministery of ForeignAffairs to discuss the guide and compassfor the press that will be published soon. Thesecretary of this committee, Lt Col Hadiharsono, explained

after the session that the discussions regarding the subjectof the guide or to published by the governmentare finished the results will sent to the presidentin the course of next According to Hadiharsono,it ispossible that thisguidewill be published next after the president has approvedit. When asked about the contents of theguide ,Lt Col Hadiharsono said that it would be better to await officialpublication, butbasically

it will indicate how the publisherswill have to behave and act within

the framework of the Political Manifesto and Usdek ( Socialist plan). In this manner the publisherswill have clear andpositive instruction on how to proceed, said Hadiharsono. When asked ifduring the session, plansof thegovernmentto have its ownpublication ornews agency were discussed, he denied this emphatically .He said that the work of preparing instructions and renovating the functions of the press was heavy enoughto warrant a weekly session of the committee. He also said that the work of this committee will not be finished with the announcedpublication of the guide, but that it willregularly convene for discussions and to study and watch the functions of the press. According to Hadiharsono,many suggestions were received from publishers while the committee wasstudying the guide governing the functions of the press. We are able to inform the public thatthe above mentioned session

was over by its chairman Colonel Basuki Rachmat in the presenceoftemporary Foreign Minister Dr., Minister of Information Maladi, Attorney General, of the Directorate of Information of ForeignAffairs Suska, Subagjo, represents Ruslan Abdulgani and Lt Col Hadiharsono himself.

10,319-END-

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