Baca PDF (OCR): The Linguistic Situation in the Islands of Yapen, Kurudu, Nau and Miosnum, New Guinea

IN TIIE IS"ANDS OF YAPEN,

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VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR

TAAL·, LAND· EN VOLKENKUNDE

DEEL 35

THE LINGUISTIC SITUA.TION

IN THE ISLANDS OF YAPEN, KURUDU,

NAU AND MIOSNUM, NEW GUINEA

J. C. ANCEAUX

PUBUCATlON COMMISSIONED AND FINANCED BY TUE GOVEBNMENT OF NETHEBLANDS NE'IV GUINEA

'S·G RA VEN H A G E -MAR TIN U S N U HOF F -1 96 1

l. Introduction 1

2. The Sourees 3

3. The Language Map. 6

The Comparative Word-List.		13
The quantitative Analysis.
Phonological Relationships
Verbal Forms 8. Elements for indicating personal possession of the		150
parts of the body. 9. Elements to indicate possession with regard to	...	157
kinship terms.	..

5. 80

6. 149

.. ....

Language Map at the end of the volume.

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-Irarutu

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Geelvink Boy

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,;' / / / / /B" / / ,," " &0/ / Sketch Map , ____ -1 I IIU:.rtt.. / / of the I cvt9J'

! ;.:.-J I Geelvink Bay Area
~_J. (Scale 1 : 2.350.000)

Indicated are the areas

of the languages used

for comparison.

INTRODUu.nON

Relatively little is known about the languages spoken on and around the island of Yapen. The published sources contain little more than a few brief word-lists, although there is more material to be found in manuscript form. This includes, for example, the lexicographical and other notes on the Yava language (especially of the Mantembu dialect) by Dominee 1. S. Kijne, and the studies of the Serui-Laut language by Dominee F. Slump, as weU as material in official reports, like the grammatical notes on the southern coastal dialects, by Meester J. J. de Zoete. The re1ationships of the different languages of Yapen to those of neighbouring territories, have not been examined in any great detail either, although Dr. H. K. J. Cowan and Dr. G. J. Held made some relevant observations. Cowan, in his Voorlopige resultaten van een ambtelijk taalonderzoek in Nieuw-Guinea (The Hague, 1953), pp. 6--7, discussed the dividing line between the Austronesian and non-Austronesian languages of Yapen. He did not enter further into the actual problems of relationships, for the material at his disposal did not enable him to do so. The conclusions he was able to draw at that point, are, however, corroborated in the present monograph. There is some more information on this subject in the second section of the introduction to Held's Grammatica van het Waropensch (Bandung, 1942). In his discussion of the relationship of Waropen to other Austronesian languages of Geelvink Bay, Held assumed, though with due reservations, the existence of a dividing line between a western Geelvink Bay group, comprising the Numfor-Biak and the Wandamen-Windesi languages, and an eastern Geelvink Bay group, in which he included the languages of Yapen, especially of the eastern and southern parts, and those of Kurudu and of Waropen. This line, according to Held, also divided the Indonesian from the Melanesian languages (p. 7). In a later study, Papoea's van Waropen (Leiden, 1947, Engl. transl. The Papuas of Waropen, The Hague, 1957), Held remarked (p. 2) that the linguistic situation in Yapen is rather complicated and that a special place must be reserved for a separate Yapen group, beside the Numfor-Biak, Wandamen and Waropen 'cultural provinces'. This Verh. dl. XXXV

SITUATION IN YAPEN

observation did not really contribute to the analysis, which remained vague and provisional. In this monograph I shall investigate whether it is possible to arrive at more definite conclusions.

There do exist linguistic maps and accounts of the language distri- bution on Yapen, but they are only available in unpublished reports. The only published map is by Dr. K. W. Galis in his series of articles, "Talen en dialecten van Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea", Tijdschrift Nieuw-Guinea, vol. 16 (1955-'56). In the present study 1 have suggested certain frontier changes in his map, and by mutually comparing the languages in question, I have also attempted to bring out their differences and relationships and thus to c1arify the demarcations on the map. Af ter an account of my source materials and an explanation of the map, I shall give part of the lexicographic material, consider what conclusions there are to be drawn from it and, finally, note certain grammatical and other characteristics.

100 List I refer to a much shorter list, which was circulated in 1955 and contained 100 words, all belonging to the so- called basic vocabulary. 'Own material' is that which I collected per- sonally, virtually all of it during a sojourn on the island of Yapen in May 1958. The following is a list of the sources which I used for this study. For the languages of Yapen:

A 1. Woi: Own material : short word-list and some grammatical notes.

2. Pom: Own material : short word-list and gram-
matical notes.

3. Marau: Own material : short word-list.
4. Ansus: Own material : word-list and grammatica I
notes.

5. Papuma: Own material : short word-list.
6. Munggui: Two 100 Lists, one filled in by a mantri of
the anti-malaria service, the other by the village school master.

7. Busami: Own material : short word-list.
8. Serui-Laut: Own material : word-lists and grammatica I
notes.

9. Ambai/ M enawi: Own material : word-lists and grammatical
notes, th ree 100 Lists, filled in by policemen.

Wadapi-Laut: 100 List, filled in by a mantri of the anti-
malaria service, and own material : short word-list.

11. W abo (Nusart): Own material : short word-list.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

12. K urudu : Own material : short word-list and gram-

matical notes of the dialect of Kurudu vil-

lage; for the Kaipuri dialect, a 100 List,

filled in by a policeman, and own material : word-lists and grammatical notes.

Yava : Own material of various dialects, in addition

to a 100 List of the Wadapi-Darat dialect,

from a mantri of the anti-malaria service.

As for the other Geelvink Bay languages which I have included in the comparative part of this study, 1 had at my disposal the following sources:

a. Biak: Primarily the Noemfoorsch Woordenboek by J. L. and
F. J. F. van Hasselt (Amsterdam, 1947), which also notes many words in dialects of Biak. My own material, mainly on the Sorido dialect, also contains grammatical notes and, of course, includes Biak material from Yapen (Kanaki village). Then there are seven Standard Lists, two from Bosnik, one each from Korido, Warsa, Wardo, Numfor, and one of the Beser language from the Raja Ampat. There are 18 completed 100 Lists for the dialects of Biak and Numfor, and four 100 Lists completed by aPatrol Officer for the dialects of the Raja Ampat.
b. Waropen: Six 100 Lists, a Standard List and own material. The main source of information on Waropen is, of course, Held's Woordenlijst van het Waropensch (Bandung, 1942).
c. Wandamen : For this language there are published sources available. In the first place the Windesi word-list by J. A. van Balen, a missionary, appended to his "Windesische Verhalen", Bijdragen Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, vol. 70 (1915). Then there are quite a few Wandamen words to be found in van Hasselt's Numfor dictionary. Cowan published some "Notes on Windesi Grammar", Oceania, vol. 26 (1955), which he had extracted mainly fr om the texts published by van Balen. As early as 1891, a "Lijstje van telwoorden en eenige zelf- standige naamwoorden enz. van Wandammen" was published by G. L. Bink, a missionary (Tijdschrift Bataviaasch Genootschap, vol. 34). This is now out of date. Dr. K. W. Galis gave me a fairly copious, type-written list, which was probably compiled by the missionary J. Eygen- daal and the same one as that mentioned by Co wan in his "Notes".

LlNGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 5

There are three Standard Lists: from Bintuni, Windesi and Wamesa, and four 100 Lists: from Bintuni, Windesi and Wasior. Finally, I have also used my own material, which consisted mainly of lexical data from Windesi.

d. Irarutu: Apart from some of my own material, there are nine 100 Lists: of the Funiara, Aroba, Yaru, Tugrama, Tomage, Werafuta and Warm nu dialects, completed by a variety of people. There are also two Standard Lists: of Kaitero and of Arguni Bay.
e. Mor: I found data on the language of the Mor islands in a 100 List, completed most expertly by Mrs. RoesIer, an incomplete Standard List, a fairly copious list compiled by a naval officer, and my own material, which consisted of a word-list. I shall in a few instances also include Ron and Dusner words in my comparative study. These are taken mainly from van Hasselt's dictionary, although an old, hand-written list (by a missionary?) also proved useful. For Dusner there was also a 100 List, filled in by the village school-master. Of the language of Meoswar, there were only a few words in van Hasselt's dictionary. I could not, therefore, fruitfully include it in my comparisons. There are also very few data on the languages of the southern coast of Geelvink Bay, which are better left out of consideration here. If new material on these were to be collected, it could be dealt with in a separate study.

LANGUAGE MAP

I give here a list of the languages of Yapen, roughly from West to East, in order to clarify the map. Since several of the languages do not have a name -a common phenomenon in New Guinea -I have used those of villages or islands in which they are spoken. In these notes I shall not, generally. enter into language relationships, for these will be discussed later.

A. Woi. Spoken in the villages of Woi and Woinap and in Yenyari settiement, Miosnum Island. The number of W oi speakers amounts to more than 1300. It is quite clear from the vocabulary, e.g. the personal pronouns and numerals, that it is an Austronesian language. A remarkable feature is the existence of separate forms of the personal pronoun, not only for the singular and plural, but also for the dual and trial.
B. Biak. The Biak speaking people of Yapen may be regarded as recent immigrants; they do not think of themselves as real natives of Yapen. The villages of lndi (on Indi island), Karawi, Kanaki and Sormasen, are wholly Biak speaking. The populations of Yobi and of Sambarawai con sist partIy of Biak speakers, and Biak speakers are found in most of the villages along the North coast of Yapen, where a knowledge of the Biak language is common among the non-Biak population. The villages on the island of Kurudu probably have close ties with Biak, for, as I was informed, virtually everybody there speaks Biak, in addition to his own language. It is difficult to give the exact number of native Biak speakers on Yapen, but they are estimated at 500.
C. Aibondeni. This village has a separate language which shows many similarities with that of Ansus, whence the inhabitants are said to have come. They number about 150.
D. Pom. One language is common to the villages of Pom and Serewen and the small settlement of Yetuairau (on the island of Miosnum). It shows many points of similarity with the language of

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 7

Woi, but there are also considerable differences. The pronouns, for instance, do not appear to have dual and trial forms, as they do in the language of W oi. The special system of indicating personal possession of the parts of the body, very common in languages of this type as we shall see later, does not appear to exist in this one. It does, however, have separate forms to go with kinship terms, which vary in accordance with the owner. The speakers of this language number more than 700.

E. Marau. 1 use this name for the language spoken in the villages of Marau, Makiroan, Ohar, Natabui and Warabori. It is not, however, a wholly homogeneous language, but shows certain differences of dialect. One dialect is spoken in Marau, Makiroan and Ohar, whereas N atabui and Warabori each have their own dialect. The Marau speakers number almost 1200.
F. Ansus. This is spoken mainly in the viIIages of Ansus, Kairawa and Yemprum on the island of Miosnum. Ansus speaking people are also found scattered in other places, like Serui, where a fairly large number of them live. It is impossible therefore to give their exact numbers, which must approach 3600.
G. Papuma. Although this language is spoken only in the village of Papuma, and not even in the whole of that, because it also houses a numher of Ansus speakers, the Papuma speakers nevertheless number more than 700. Some of its grammatical details will he discussed later, but there is one feature that 1 wish to mention here: in Papuma word accent is distinctive, that is to say, there are words which may be distinguished by the place of the accent. For example:
wéa-you stand, as opposed to weá-root.

H. Munggui. 1 use this name for the language spoken in the villages of Munggui, Windesi (to be distinguished from the village with the same name in the Wandamen area), Puramati and Morui. Two dialects can be distinguished in Munggui, one spoken in Windesi and Murui, the other in Munggui and Puramati. Munggui speakers number more than 650.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

J. Busami. This is spoken in the villages of Mariarotu, Kamanap, Sa sawa and Kaonda. Three dialects can be distinguished, of which that spoken in Kamanap and Mariarotu, and that of Sasawa, are more closely related than the third, spoken in Kaonda. Mariarotu and Kamanap have many contacts with Serui-Laut, and most of the villagers know the Serui-Laut language. In Mariarotu there live a number of native Serui-Laut speakers. It is to be regretted that only scant information could be collected about this language, for it seems to occupy a special position. The total number of Busami speakers is about 350.
K. Serui-Laut. Spoken in the villages of Serui-Laut and Kanawa and Nau island, oH the coast of Waropen. The populations of Mariarotu, Aromarea and Ariepi consist partIy of native Serui-Laut speakers. Around the town of Serui, there are also settlements of people from Serui-Laut. This Ianguage is so similar to that of Ambai and Menawi, that one would be inclined to call them two dialects. Even though there are no general linguistic criteria for distinguishing dialects from languages, it is, nonetheless, preferabIe to caU them languages, espe- dally since the dividing line between them is very clear. The view that has been propounded, that there could be said to exist one 'southern coastal language', of which the idioms of Ansus etc. were but dialects, is not really tenable on account of their differences. Without entering further into other grammatical details, I would mention here that in the language of Serui-Laut, the special system of indicating personal possession of the parts of the body and of kinship terms, is (or has become?) incomplete. As aresult, the system of indicating ownership used with other nouns, is used in addition. The number of Serui-Laut speakers is estimated at more than 1000.
L. Yava. This language is also caUed Yapanani, or M ora. It is spoken in the northern coastal villages of Ariobu, Rosbori, Artanen, Dore, Tindaret, Kiriow, Sambarawai and Yobi; in the interior in Ambaidiru and Mambon, and on, or near, the South coast in Ariepi, Tatui, Abu- karei, Aromarea, Sarawandori, Mariadei, Mantembu, Tarau, Kampong Baru, Woru, Turu, Kabuaena, Yapanani-Borai, Konti-Unai, Kainui, Wadapi-Darat (Wadapi II) and Saweru. As I mentioned before, Serui-Laut speakers are found in Aromarea and Ariepi, and Biak speakers in Sambarawai and Yobi. The town of Serui is a remarkable enclave in this area, for it has a most hetero-

SITUATlÓN IN YAPEN 9

geneous population which speaks mainly Dutch and Malay. The Yava language is spoken on the outskirts, that is, in Tarau, Kampong-Baru and Woru. The Yava Iinguistic area, with more than 4500 speakers, is not homogeneous, and can be divided into a number of dialects. These have rather fIuid dividing Iines, a common feature in contiguous dialect areas. The dialects of Ambaidiru and Mambon, Turu, Tarau, Ariepi, Woru and Kampong-Baru, Mantembu, Mariadei, Kainui and Konti Unai, Wadapi Darat, Saweru, were examined more closely than the others. It was noted that a dialect which has much in common with that of Ambaidiru, is spoken in the northern coastal viIIages, with the exceptions of Yobi and Sambarawai, where another dialect is spoken, and of Ariobu, whose dialect is different again from the other two. Another distinctive dialect is spoken in Sarawandori, Yapanani-Borai and Kabuaena. Of the dialects to which special attention was paid, that of Saweru (more than 350 speakers), is the most distinctive, so much so, that there is a temptation to caU it a separate language. But it appears that the speakers of the Saweru dialect understand the other dialects reasonably weU and that on both sides there is the feeling that they speak the same language. It is preferabIe, therefore, to call it a divergent dialect. The causes of this divergence are probably the very isolated position of Saweru, as the only Yava speaking viUage situated on an island, and its close contacts with the Ambai speakers, whose language has clearly influenced the Saweru dialect. If this is indeed so, the Saweru dialect wiII in the future probably diverge sa much from the other Yava dialects, that it wiU na langer he possible to deny it the status of a separate language. The very distinctive character of the dialect spoken in a few Mora viUages in the interior, in Ambaidiru and Mambon, should also he attributed to their isolation. The dialect of Wadapi-Darat and that of Konti-Unai and Kainui are less distinct; although they show a large number of distinctive characteristics, they have considerable features in common. The dialect of Ariepi stands somewhat apart from the others. The group of Mariadei, Kampong Baru, Mantembu, Tarau and Turu dialects is fairly homogeneous; the dialects of Kampong-Baru and Woru and that of Turu show most similarities, while that of Mariadei is the most divergent of this group. Yava is very different in its grammatical structure and its vocabulary from the other languages spoken in Yapen. Unlike these, it does

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

not belong to the Austronesian, or Malayo-Polynesian, language family. The numerals and the pronouns, in particular, are entirely different, and the grammatical structure shows many non-Austronesian features. The presence of some Austronesian words in the Yava vocabulary is due to long periods of contact with the surrounding languages. This places Yava in the category of non-Austronesian languages of N ew Guinea, which are llsually called the Papttan languages. One wOllld have to look for related languages on the mainland of New Guinea, which is almost exclusively a Papllan language area. From a superficial comparison of Yava with the languages of Vogelkop, I have the impression that related languages are spoken in this area, as had already been surmised by Cowan. It is impossihle to take this assumption any further, because the Vogelkop languages have not yet been examined in sufficient detail. I have not, therefore, included Yava in my comparative study below, and subjected only the Austronesian languages to closer examination. Yava is a typical language of the interior. This agrees with local tradition, which says that the Mora people are the original inhabitants of the island, whereas the speakers of Austronesian languages came from elswhere. It is noteworthy, in this context, that the Mora villages which are now on the coast, are believed formerly to have been situated in the interior: some of them are known to have moved only recently. I cannot give many grammatical details of Yava here, because I lacked time for a full investigation. The conjugation of the verb appears to be particularly complicated, a common phenomenon in Papuan languages. I also noted th at there are a number of suffixes, added to the noun, which seem to have the value of a sort of article. They differ in form according to the gender and number of the noun to which they are suffixed: masculine, feminine or plural. E.g.

in Saweru: paituanepie old man; a:nanemw old woman; kamena'Wie men; ruamenawte women.

W ords which have no inherent gender are treated like masculine words; e.g.

sapedaepie bicycle.

These suffixes vary in form from one dialect to another.

SITUATION IN Y APEN 11

A distinction between masculine and feminine is also found in the personal pronouns and in the third person singular of the verb; e.g.

Mantembu: ue-he; uem-she; de-he comes; more-she comes.

Compounds of two nouns are also a common feature. The deter- minant comes first, as in the English "bookcase". E.g.

Mantembu: no-kea 'tree skin', i.e. bark; Saweru: nawao-kea 'mouth skin', i.e. lips; Turu: ami-kami bird's egg; Ariepi: mangore-kamige hen's egg.

It should also be noted here, that in the names of the parts of the body, the variabIe element which indicates the owner, is found at the beginning of the word, in contrast with the custom in the Austronesian languages of Yapen. Tarau, for instance:

nawa my mouth sawa our mouths.

This feature is also found in most of the Vogelkop languages.

M. Ambai. By this name I indicate the language spoken in the villages of Ambai, Rondepi, Kawipi, Menawi, Randawaya (I and 11) and Sumberbaba. These villages each have their own dialect, except for Kawipi and Rondepi, where the same dialect is spoken as at Ambai. The differences between the dialects are very smalt. Ambai speakers number more than 6500.
N. Wadapi-Laut. The language of this village (also indicated as Wadapi I) is also known by most of the inhabitants of Wadapi-Darat. It closely resembles Ambai, but must nevertheless he regarded as a separate language. The relationship het ween Ambai and Wadapi-Laut is approximately the same as that between Serui-Laut and Ambai, which I discussed above. It is impossible to give the exact numher of Wadapi-Laut speakers, but it probably does not amount to more than 150.

o. Wabo. This language is also called Nusari. It is spoken by more

than 900 people in the villages of Kerenui, Woda, Wansma, Korombobi, Barawai, Paparu and Waindu. It has a few dialects. Korombobi

TUE LlNGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

has its own dialect, which is most closely related to that of Kerenui, Woda and Wansma. Paparu and Waindu have a common dialect, while the hamIet of Barawai (21 inhabitants) has its own dialect.

P. Kurudu. This language is spoken in the island of the same name. The villages of Kurudu and Kaipuri each have their own dialects, which differ only a little. I have already mentioned Biak influence on this language. The Kurudu speakers number nearly 1100. It might he useful once more to enumerate the different languages, this time in the sequence of the numbers of speakers, which will place them in their order of importance. I have left out Biak, because counting only the Biak speakers of Yapen, the importance of this language would not be shown in its true light. An evaluation based on the total number lies outside the scope of this study. The list then looks as follows:

1. Ambai (6500) 6. Marau (1200) 11. Munggui (650)

2. Yava (4500) 7. Kurudu (1100) 12. Busami (350)

3. Ansus (3600) 13. Aibondeni (150)

4. Pom (1700) ( 900) 14. Wadapi-Laut (150)

5. Woi (1300) 10. Papuma ( 700)

8. Serui-Laut (1000)

9. Wabo

COMPARATIVE WORD-UST

We must now examine in greater detail same of the lexical material for these languages. It would take us too far afield to give all the words from the lists which could be considered for comparative purposes, so I have curtailed the material by about half. The choice is somewhat arbitrary, preference having been given to words which occurred in the greatest numher of Iists. The Basic Vocabulary, i.e. the vocabulary for simpIe, everyday concepts, is relatively weIl represented in consequence. The collection of material was, in fact, based on this preference for words from the Basic Vocabulary, on the assumption that there would he the fewest cases of borrowing from other languages, the obscuring effects of mutual borrowings would thereby be eliminated as far as possible, and lexical similarities and dissimilarities would more cIearly demonstrate the degree of relationship. As we shall see, I have not attempted rigidly to eliminate the borrowed elements from the comparative lists, and indeed have included typical 'culture terms'. Whenever possible I have attempted to note laan words, but those which were too dubious have been omitted from the list. I have aIso left out words which did not contain any new information and we re therefore irrelevant for our purposes. In all the languages discussed here, the word for the bark of a tree, for example, appeared to he a compound of a word for wood and a word for skin; words for milk were either the same as that for a woman's hreast, or a compound of this and the word for water. In many languages the word for river was the same as that for water, in others there we re special words for river, but then, again, th ere were cognate words in other languages with the meaning of water. In some languages the word for woman was used for wife, others had a special word, and a third category had a word related to it, meaning woman. I have included all these words under the heading 'woman', and words for hushand are under the heading 'man'. As I mentioned before, all the languages included in the comparative part of this study, belong to the Austronesian, or Malayo-Polynesian, family of languages.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN Y APEN

Although one might reasonably expect proof for this c1assification, I considered it better not to give this, because such proof would have to consist of material from other groups of languages of this family which lie far beyond the area to be discussed in the present study. It is not strictly necessary to do so either, for some of the words in the lexicographical section gave me occasion to record the Austronesian ur-form. In addition, anyone who is familiar with Austronesian linguistic comparison will continually find evidence for the Austronesian character of these languages. I shall therefore, in principle, occupy myself with mutual comparisons of these languages. I shall only occasionally mention further relationships of certain words, usually on the basis of what Dempwolff notes as 'Ur-Austronesisch' in his Ver- gleichende Lautlehre des Austronesischen W orfschat:::es. For practical reasons I have drastically simplified his spelling. I have also simplified, (of necessity), the spelling of words in the Geelvink Bay languages. Not much was lost thereby, for the finer nuances are not relevant in the determination of the identity of words in the different languages, particularly since it is not yet possible to describe them phonologically. The main points about the orthography used here, are:

a for all low vowels; e for all mid front vowels; o for all mid back vowels; u for all high back vowe1s; d for all mid central vowels; f for both the voiceless bi-Iabial and the labio-dental fricatives; v for the voiced bi-labial and the labio-dental fricatives.: IJ for the voiced vel ar nasal; g for the voiced vel ar plosive;, for the glottal stop (hamza).

The remaining symbols require no elucidation, provided the reader remembers that they all cover a wide range of sounds. Stress-accent, vowel pitch and vowe1 length (part of the accentual system in many of these languages) are not indicated. The system I have followed was to arrange words of the same, or almost the same, meaning, under one heading, in such a way that words which may be said to be identical, are placed together. The meaning of a word is mentioned separate1y only when it diverges from

EYE

a. Ansus: rekami, refJkami; Woi: rekami; Papuma: dCfJkami; Marau: henundekami; Munggui: renkami, erekami; Wadapi-Laut: ure; Serui-Laut: re, rure; Ambai: uren, urefJ; Pom: tandemo; Wandamen : re. The common element is **re,* which also occurs with the meanings of 'forehead', 'face', 'front'. It may derive from Austronesian *dahay- forehead. We shall come across *kami again in nr. 128, STONE.
b. Kurudu: ndokmi, ndokme; Wabo: rokemin.
c. Biak: mga, mganwr; Dusner: mata, meta; Ron: maka; Irarutu: matie; Mor: mruina'u. Austronesian *mata is c1early recognisable in these words.
d. Waropen: ambeisi, kambeisi.

2. EAR

a. Kurudu: train; Wabo: taranden; Pom: taradyau; Wadapi-Laut: tarandau; Ansus: tarafJkambirei; Ambai: tarahamirei; Serui-Laut: tara, tara-kamindei; W oi: tarakambirei; Papuma: tarafJ- kambire; Munggui: tarakamrei, tarakamdei; Wandamen : taradir, taradiau, tarakondi; Irarutu: tgra; Waropen: narei, narorei; Mor: ina; Biak: kna, knaram, knamin; Ron: kna; Dusner: tna. The common element **tana* etc. is undoubtedly Austronesian *talifJa. The additional elements *-dau etc., in Pom, Wadapi-

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Laut, Wandamen and Biak, mean 'leaf'; together the words really mean 'ear shell'. The suffixed elements *kamirei etc., in Ansus, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Woi, Papuma, Munggui and perhaps also in Waropen, mean 'hole'; together the words mean 'hearing hole'.

3. MOUTH

a. Munggui: sua; Biak: sba, sbadon; Ron: saba; Dusner: sva, saba.
b. Ansus: wore; Serui-Laut: ore, ore1j; Woi: nore; Papuma: wore; Wandamen : sore; Waropen: sarofjga; Mor: ture.
c. Kurudu: bondo; Ambai: boro, borofj; Wadapi-Laut: boromo; Wabo: boipi; Waropen: boro, woro, worodo; Mor: bot.
d. Pom: huapa.
e. Waropen : fio.
f. Irarutu: rimta, rimata.
g. Irarutu: gan.
4. NO SE
a. Ambai: ubo, ubofj; Wadapi-Laut: ubomo; Serui-Laut: ompe; Papuma: wompe; Ansus: sopemi; Munggui: so; Wabo: sore; Kurudu: sore; Mor: horo; Wandamen : suo; Biak: sno, snoni, snonikor; Ron: sono; Dusner: sno.
b. Woi: hokama; Pom: hokama.
c. Waropen : niha, niabo.
d. Irarutu: wegur.

5. TOOTH

a. Kurudu: ropan, rompan; Wabo: ropan; Dusner: rpe, repen; Irarutu: rfo, rforu, rfu, rfuru.
b. Ansus: dere; Ambai: do re, dere1j; Serui-Laut: dorefj; Woi: tere; Papuma: dere; Pom: die; Wadapi-Laut: dere; Munggui: tesina (-sina = bone); Wandamen : dire, dere.
c. Biak: na, nak or; Ron: nia.
d. Mor: woto
e. Waropen: enasa, easa, kenasa, keasa.

6. TONGUE

a. Kurudu: topre; Ambai: tafere, tafare1j; Serui-Laut: tap are, tapare1j; Wadapi-Laut: tapere; Woi: tapare; M unggui: tap ar;

serepatj, repa; Papuma: orempaJ3; Wandamen :' tapare; Dusner : taprer; Ron: kaperer; Biak: kaprer.

b. Pom: uatanden.
c. Irarutu: mamaáye; Mor: nema, nemat.
d. Biak: ramar; Waropen : mero, mbero.
7. HEAD
a. Kurudu: du; Wabo: durere; Ansus: dukami, dUJ3kami; Ambai: nUJ3kamia; Serui-Laut: nUJ3kami; Woi: riukami; Papuma: dUJ3kami; Wadapi-Laut: numukamei; Marau: riuJ3kami; Pom: rehina; Munggui: dukampori; Wandamen : ru; Irarutu: Yt3guin, ruguin, rUJ3guin; Biak: rwu, bru; Ron: robu; Dusner: rbu, robu; Mor: varo.
b. Biak: bu-kor.
c. Waropen: borai, worai.
8. NECK
a. Kurudu: roprai; Wabo: roparai; Ansus: raukanan; Ambai: rahana, rahanaJ3; Serui-Laut: raukanaJ3; Wadapi-Laut: ramu-kana; Papuma: rauJ3kanaJ3; Munggui: raukana; Pom: raukaro; Woi : raukwo; Wand amen : rau, raubaba; Ron: rowa; Waropen : doa.
b. Biak: sasu, sasukor.
c. Biak: aroren; Mor: toro.
d. Irarutu: derbun.
e. Waropen : dO'YJga.
f. Dusner: srir; Meoswar: srindi.
9. HAIR (of the head)
a. Kurudu: duruan; Ansus: duandaun; Ambai: nurandauJ3; Wabo: durai; Serui-Laut: nandau'YJ; Woi: riurandau; Pom: runandau; Wadapi-Laut: nu-randau; Munggui: runana; Mor: uranu; Wandamen : rurandau, runandau; Biak: buram; Dusner: rbun- dam; Meoswar: rburam.
b. Waropen: sina, woraisina.
c. Biak: pik.
d. Kurudu: dukoi.
e. Irarutu: dU'YJguin-fru. Verh. dl. XXXV

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

HAND Kurudu: wekan; Ansus: wara; Ambai: wara; Wabo: wara; Serui-Laut: wara, warafj; Woi: wara; Papuma: wara-; Pom: bwara; Wadapi-Laut: wara-; Marau: warafj; Munggui: bara; Dusner: bra; Biak: bra, rwa; Irarutu: fra; Wandamen: vara; Waropen : waha, bah a, wafjga; Mor: varea.

11. SOLE (FOOT), PALM (HAND)

a. Ansus:-bafJ; Serui-Laut:-ba; Wandamen:-ba, -van; Biak: -bwam, -wam.
b. Waropen:-rasi. The hyphens indicate that the appropriate word for foot or hand normally precedes these words.
12. FOOT
a. Kurudu: were; Wabo: were; Biak: we; Ron: we; Dusner: we.
b. Ansus: ae; Ambai: awe; Serui-Laut: ae; Wadapi-Laut: awe; Marau: ae; Pom: ai; Papuma: ae; W oi: aie; M unggui: aye; Waropen : e; Wandamen : ae, ai.
c. Mor: nea, neat.
d. Irarutu: fa.

13. KNEE

a. Kurudu: bu, bun; Ansus: bu; Ambai: buka; Serui-Laut: bua; Woi: bu; Papuma: bu; Pom: bu; Wadapi-Laut: buka; Munggui: bu; Mor: bu; Waropen : embu, kembu; Wandamen : bu; Irarutu: wivu.
b. Wabo: bure; Biak: pur; Dusner: pur.

14. BUTTOCKS

a. Ansus: ama; Ambai: ama; Serui-Laut: amandawa, amamofjko- rori; Papuma: amakado, amafjkado; Pom: samokodori; W oi : hama; Wadapi-Laut: ama; Munggui: sama; Wandamen: sama; Mor: tomo.
b. Kurudu: rum.
c. Wabo: sakebu.
d. Biak: kodon, krodon, kro; Waropen: indo, kindo, iro, kiro; Dusner: kro.
e. Irarutu: fatari, ftari.

Y APEN 19

ABDOMEN
a. Kurudu: sine; Wabo: sine; Wadapi-Laut: ene; Ambai: ene; Serui-Laut: ane; Munggui: sane; Papuma: ane; Ansus: ane; W oi: hane; Pom: hane; Mor: sine; Wandamen : sane; Dusner: sne; Biak: sne; Ron: sena; Waropen : nina.
b. Irarutu: fta, fata.

16. WOMAN'S BREAST

Kurudu: su; Wabo: su; Serui-Laut: su; Munggui: susi, huhu, suho; Pom: huhu; Woi: huhu; Ansus : uu; Papuma: u; Wadapi-Laut: ui; Ambai: ui; Dusner: sus; Mor: tut, tuta; Waropen: susi; Wandamen : susu; Irarutu: sus; Biak: sus, tut. All these forms derive from Austronesian * susu.

HEART
a. Kurudu: aybop; Serui-Laut: aibo; Wandamen : aibo; Biak: aibon; Ron: abon; Meoswar: aibo.
b. Biak: barmor.
c. Wandamen : kopi.
d. Waropen: wawo. A few more words for heart are given under no. 18.

18. LIVER

a. Kurudu: ate; Ambai: anteni; Serui-Laut: anteni = heart; Dusner: ten; Biak: ken.
b. Waropen : niha-do-rana, which means, literally, leaf in the abdomen.
c. Serui-Laut: aneraron; Ambai: roYOtJ, which also means heart.
19. BACK
a. Ansus: karupuatJ; Ambai: kuru; Serui-Laut: karu, karufui; Wandamen : karu; Biak: kru; Waropen : ruai.
b. Kurudu: tokmapi.
c. Biak: dokor.
d. Irarutu: tarire.
e. Irarutu: fegie.

f. Mor: hareta.

g. Mor: tamorot.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

SKIN
a. Ansus: rerawa; Ambai: rerawa; Wabo: rerawe; Serui-Laut : rerawa; Woi: rerawa; Papuma: rerawa; Pom: rerawa; Wadapi-Laut: rerawa; Munggui: rerawa; Wandamen : rawa: Waropen : raio
b. Kurudu: rui; Waropen : ru.
c. Biak: rib; Irarutu: rit; Mor: hi'i.
d. Biak: kef, kif.
e. Waropen: ude.
f. Dusner: ik er.
g. Wandamen : sor.

BODY HAIR, FEATHER
a. Ansus: wuru; Ambai: vavoru; Serui-Laut: baboru; Wandamen : baburu; Waropen: wuro; Mor: buru; Irarutu: fru; Biak: bur; Dusner: buro
b. Ansus: netui; Papuma: netui; M unggui: netui; Wandamen : tu, tum; Biak: kum.
C. Ambai: kararoa; Wadapi-Laut: kararoa.
d. Kurudu: rwan; Wabo : dirawa; Serui-Laut : rawa; Ansus : rawa; Pom: rawa; Woi: rawa. The words under a. represent Austronesian *bulu.

SWEAT
a. Ansus: awia1j; Biak: sayan, sayayn.
b. Ambai: amaya; Wandamen : samayar, samariari.
C. Biak: dom;}s.
d. Irarutu: regisa.
e. Waropen : nano.
f. Mor: mamani'a.

SALIVA
a. Kurudu: kenisa; Ambai: koni; Serui-Laut: kunui; Ansus : kanyu1j; Wandamen : kanisu.
b. Biak: aninef.
C. Irarutu: taofidye.
d. Irarutu: fani.
e. Waropen : diwako.
f. Waropen : wororauno (literally: mouth water).
g. Mor: inuku'a.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 21

BLOOD
a. Ansus: ria; Serui-Laut: rw; Woi: ria; Papuma: ria; Wandamen : ria, riat.
b. Ambai: rika; Wadapi-Laut: rika; Dusner: riket; Ron: rik; Biak: rik.
c. Kurudu: mda, mnda, mra; Wabo: mara; Pom: maro.
d. Munggui: ruman.
e. Waropen : rara; Mor: rara.
f. Irarutu: wam es, wamas.

VEIN
a. Ansus: urarua; Serui-Laut: oraru; Woi: arua: Papuma: wora- rua; Pom: urarua; M unggui: orirua, uraruba; Biak: urek, kapurik.
b. Ambai: ae; Wadapi-Laut: aye; Wandamen: wair; Waropen: arino; Mor: woriosara.
c. Kurudu: insen, nsien, nsen; Wabo: seseri; Irarutu: rir; Ron: siren.
d. Irarutu: wO?jger.
e. Dusner: pires.
f. Dusner: wesum. The words under a. probably represent Austronesian **uRal.* The original meaning of the words under b., is: rope.

FLESH
a. Kurudu: tra; Wabo: tara; Wadapi-Laut: tarai; Serui-Laut: tarai; Ambai: tarai; Ansus: tarai; W oi: tarai; Papuma: tarai; Pom: tarai; M unggui: tarai; Wandamen: tarai; Waropen: dai; Mor: arait.
b. Dusner: trap; Biak: kraf.
c. Waropen : 000; Mor: tu, tui. The words under b. may well be cognate with those under a. The words under a. are characterised by the occurrence of a final i in most of them, and absent in the words of b. The absence of a final consonant in those under a., is Ie ss significant.

FAT (the fat)
a. Kurudu: man; Wabo: man; Serui-Laut: main; Wadapi-Laut: miai; Ansus: miain; Munggui: main; Pom: nemain; Papuma: nemain; Woi: nemain; Wandamen : mai,main,miain; Waropen :

SITUATION IN Y APEN

tnana; Mor: manana.

b. Biak: mafan; Dusner: mapen.
c. Biak: bob.
d. Irarutu: mlir.
28. BONE
a. Ansus: ina; Ambai: ina; Serui-Laut: ina; W adapi-Laut: ina. Papuma: ina; Pom: hina; Woi: hina; M unggui: sina, hina; Wandamen : sina.
b. Kurudu: prai; Wabo: parai.
c. Biak: kor; Waropen : kori; Mor: '01'0; Dusner: tor; Irarutu: rur.
29. NAIL
a. Kurudu: rafjgin; Wabo: disoe; Wadapi-Laut: di; Ambai: di; Serui-Laut: di; Ansus: di; Pom: di; Papuma: ti; Woi: ti; Munggui: si, tyi; Wandamen : dir; Irarutu: tefjgerire.
b. Ron: par; Wandamen: par; Biak: par.
c. Biak: be, we.
d. Mor: bumi.
e. Waropen : ufa.
30. TO EAT
a. Kurudu:-ampi; Wabo:-ampi; Wadapi-Laut:-ampi; Ambai: -ampi; Serui-Laut: an, -ampi; Busami:-ampi; Munggui:-ampi; Ansus :-ampi; Pom:-ampi; Papuma:-am pi; Woi :-afj; Wandamen : an, anpi, api; Waropen : ano; Mor: ani; Biak: an, kan; Irarutu: ga, fjga, gafe, tjgafe.
b. Mor: andoa; Dusner: ando; Ron: ando. The Wandamen word, and many of those of the Yapen languages, have*-pi* added at the end. This probably functions as a sort of object: "to eat something", when what is eaten is not mentioned otherwise. The apparently superfluous element*-fe* in Irarutu, may correspond to this element*-pi.* As I know nothing about the nature of the elements*-do* in Dusner and Ron words, and*-doa* in the Mor word, I have classified these words separately. Generally, it seems fairly certain that the element an in all these words, derives from Austronesian *kan.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 23

Ta DRINK
a. Wabo: uni'3; Ambai: unu'3; Wadapi-Laut:-unu; Serui-Laut: unu, unu'3; Munggui:-unu, -unun; Ansus:-unu, unu'3; Woi: unu'3; Papuma: unu'3; Pom:-unu; Wandamen : unu, unum; Waropen : una; Mor: anumi.
b. Kurudu: urma, uruma.
c. Biak: in'dm; Ron: inem; Dusner: inem; Irarutu: gin, '3gin, gine, '3gine. These forms apparently all go back to Austronesian *inum.

TO HEAR
a. Kurudu:-daur, -daora; Wabo: wadaore; Wadapi-Laut: taradi- dawai; Ambai: taraoa; Serui-Laut: taraoa; Ansus: tarawa; M unggui: taraho; Papuma: tm'aso; Pom: taraho; W oi: taraho; Wandamen:-diawa; Waropen: ria, riawara; Biak: rOW'dr.
b. Biak: mnaf; Ron: manaf; Dusner: manap, mnap.
c. Irarutu: bnogr, banogre, ban0'3gre.
d. Waropen:-nasa, -nata.
e. Mor:-orani.
33. Ta SEE
a. Woi: rehoa; Papuma: reso; Pom:-ndeho; Munggui: reso, rehoto; Busami: renso; Serui-Laut: waioa.
b. Ambai: wati, deti; Wadapi-Laut: oti, boti.
c. Mor: arika; Ansus: ereukwa.
d. Kurudu: umda, -umbra; Wabo:-ume; Mor: aruma.
e. Waropen : anima.

f. Waropen : sira; Wandamen : ser, sera.

g. Wandamen : sayo, sayor; Ron: sayor.
h. Biak: mam; Dusner: man.
J. Irarutu: bguen.
k. Irarutu: m'dsi.
34. Ta LIE Ambai: wata; Serui-Laut: vata; Wadapi-Laut: watai; Munggui: bata; Wandamen: bata; Biak: bar'dk.
35. Ta SLEEP Kurudu:-en a; Wabo:-ene; Ambai: ena; Serui-Laut: ena; Busami:-ena; Munggui:-ena; Ansus:-ena; Pom:-ena;

SITUATION IN YAPEN

Papuma: ena; Woi: ena; Wandamen: ena; Waropen : enako; Mor: iena; Irarutu: gin, tjgine; Biak: en·;)f; Dusner: enep.

TO DIE
a. Kurudu: komara, kimara, okmar; Wabo:-kama; Dusner: mkar.
b. Ansus: keda; Woi: karia; Papuma: koria; Pom: karia.
c. Ambai: marea, mirea, mireha; Wadapi-Laut: mureha; Serui- marea.
d. Munggui: ero, doto; Waropen : fero.
e. Biak: mar; Irarutu: mat, mat;), nmat; Mor: ma'a; Ron: mar.
f. Wandamen : boru.
g. Busami: pio. The words under e. clearly derive from Austronesian *matay. This mayalso apply to the words under c.

37. TO SIT

a. Ambai: minohi, munohi; Wadapi-Laut: monohi.
b. Wabo: uatu; Waropen : oaro, koaro.
c. Ansus: moi; Serui-Laut: moi; M unggui: maho; Pom: mahoi; Papuma: moi; Woi: mahoi; Wandamen: masoi; Mor: i'oi.
d. Kurudu: tur, tura; Mor: tu' 0; Irarutu: mtor.
e. Biak: knon, kon; Ron: kon; Dusner: ton.

f. Biak: kain; Waropen : oaino.

38. TO STAND

a. Kurudu: osra; Ansus: oa; Ambai: oa; Serui-Laut: oa; Papuma: oa; Pom: oha; Wadapi-Laut: 0' a; M unggui: ohar; Wandamen: osa; Waropen : osara, otaro; Mor:-ta 5 oma; Biak: or;)s; Dusner: ores.
b. Wabo: ese.
c. W oi: tera.
d. Irarutu: mrir. This last word is Austronesian *diRi.

39. TO FLY

a. Ansus: yepo; Ambai: sifo; Wabo: sifo; Serui-Laut: safo; Woi: hepo; Papuma: sepo; Wadapi-Laut: siPo; Wandamen : sapop.
b. Pom: ry07la; M unggui: yoba, ryoba; Dusner: riob; Biak: rob; Waropen : roko, rorako.
c. Kurudu: wita, vit.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 25

d. Mor: utum, utuma.
e. Waropen : era.

f. Waropen: kipai.

g. Irarutu: sur.
h. Irarutu: narine.
40. TO WEEP
a. Kurudu: sais; Wabo: sae; Wadapi-Laut: ai; Ambai: sai; Serui-Laut: ai, sai; Ansus: ai; W oi: hai; Wandamen: sai, sais.
b. Papuma: wori; Pom: ori; M unggui: ori, kori.
c. Biak: kans, kan';)s; Dusner: an; Mor: anita; Waropen : anisa, aniko, kaniko; Irarutu: mtag, mtage, mtafjge. The words under a., as weil as under C., must be re1ated to Austronesian *tafjis. The intervocalic nasal has apparently dis- appeared in the first group.

41. TO LAUGH

a. Serui-Laut: mari; Ambai: imiri; Wandamen: mari; Mor: maria.
b. Kurudu: uamdi.
c. Waropen : aneno, aneka.
d. Biak: mbriJ; Irarutu: beriJe.

42. TO WALK

a. Kurudu: ra; Wabo: ra; Wadapi-Laut: ro; Ambai: ra; Serui-Laut: rafj; Ansus: ra; Munggui: do.; Busami: ro; Pom: ra; Papuma: ra; W oi: ra; Wandamen : ra; Waropen : ra; Biak: ra; Dusner: ra.
b. Irarutu: ban; Biak: mran, mbran, mbrain.
c. Waropen : ede.
d. Mor: sana'a.

43. TO RUN

a. Serui-Laut: aJai; Wandamen : apai.
b. Biak: frar; Ron: Jarar; Dusner: parar.
c. Waropen : amoko, amowo.
44. TO COME
a. Kurudu: rama; Wabo;-rama; W adapi-Laut: roma; Ambai: roma; Serui-Laut: rama; Ansus: rama; Munggui: rama, roma;

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Pom: ruma; Papuma: rama; W oi: rama; Mor: rama; Waropen: rama; Wandamen: rama; Biak: rama; Dusner: rama; Ron: rama.

b. Biak: ma; Irarutu: ma.
c. Waropen : ede.
45. TO SWIM
a. Kurudu: as, asa; Dusner: as; Ron: as; Wandamen : as; Biak: as; Mor: $ata.
b. Ansus:-oima; Wabo: ore; Serui-Laut: oi; W oi : tasoi; Papuma : oi; M unggui: esoi; Wandamen : or; Waropen: odiaka.
c. Ambai: eria; Wadapi-Laut: eriai.
d. Pom: tasau.
e. Waropen : embua.
f. Irarutu: mekeka, makaka.
46. TO FOLLOW
a. Serui-Laut: ratatuari; Waropen : rausara, sara; Wandamen : usar; Biak: us~r; Dusner: usar.
b. Biak: so; Wandamen : so; Ron: so.
c. Serui-Laut: konta.
d. Biak: yom.
e. Biak: yau.
47. TO DANCE
a. Kurudu: rioa; Waropen : owa, hoa.
b. Ambai: makai, mahai.
c. Serui-Laut: eara.
d. Wand amen : mayi.
e. Biak: mas.
48. TO PLAY
a. Serui Laut: mei; Ambai: mey; Kurudu: momeira; Waropen: amaina; Wandamen: mai, mei.
b. Biak: fnak; Ron: faniak; Dusner: panat.
49. TO COOK
a. Ambai: nunu; Serui-Laut: nunu, tunu; Wandamen : nunu, nunum; Waropen : una = to fry; Mor: una, uni; Irarutu: matun = to fry; Biak: kun = to fry.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 27

b. Serui-Laut: pra = to fry; Busami: pare; Biak: par';}m = to roast.
c. Biak: rak';}n, rar;m = to roast; Wandamen: ran.
d. Biak: fnap.
e. Waropen : seka.
f. Kurudu:-ai. The words under a. represent Austronesian **tututj* = to burn, to light.
50. TO BURN (intransitieve)
a. Ansus: dan; Serui-Laut: datj; Pom: dan; Papuma: tatj; W oi : tan; Waropen : rana; Ambai: datjkararu; Wadapi-Laut: datjkararu.
b. Kurudu: riri, riria.
c. Wabo: sapodui.
d. M unggui: tyunta.
e. Mor: abu, avu.
f. Waropen : poroma.
g. Wandamen : bebiar; Dusner: berieber.
h. Biak: sber; Irarutu: sfrer, sfrere, s;Jfrere.
j. Biak: sak. This last word might be related to Austronesian *s';}gS;Jg.
51. TO MARRY
a. Ambai: borirau; Serui-Laut: riau, ninau; Wandamen : raut.
b. Busami: woti; Biak: buk; Biak: ok = to cohabit; Waropen : 0, oko = to cohabit; Wandamen : koit = to cohabit.
c. Waropen : bipora.
d. Wandamen : ririot. The Wandamen word under d. may he a variant of that under a.
52. TO FALL
a. Ambai: tawa; Serui-Laut: sawa; Wandamen: tawa.
b. Kurudu: andea.
c. Serui-Laut: 1'01'0.
d. Biak: msun.
e. Biak: karsar.
f. Waropen : mo, moko, amosa.
g. Dusner: krip; Ron: ripi.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

The words under d. and f. may be related, but this cannot be proved. Correspondence between c. and e. is less likely, but not altogether precluded.

TO WORK
a. Ambai: dyononay; Serui-Laut: nari; Wandamen: nanari.
b. Ambai: dyohondomi; Serui-Laut: rufi; Kurudu: tuai; Mor: wendowa; Waropen : rua; Biak: fararur. The common elements are: rur-ru-do-tu.

TO PLANT
a. Serui-Laut: tana; Wandamen: tanam; Waropen: anako.
b. Wandamen : kena; Biak: ker. The words under a. represent Austronesian tanam.

TO WASH
a. Kurudu: pap; Wandamen : pap; Biak: pap; Waropen : fafako.
b. Wandamen : roram; Waropen : ramako, ramasa.
c. Biak: ban.
d. Wandamen : rois.
e. Mor: momati; Waropen: waru, watu, wanda.
f. Serui-Laut: fiso. The words under e. may welt derive from Austronesian *basuh.

TO WRITE
a. Serui-Laut: toi, toina.
b. Waropen : onda (originalty: mark).
c. Wandamen : bui (originalty: to make wood carvings).
d. Biak: fas.

57. TO GIVE

a. Ansus: oni; Ambai: ona; Serui-Laut: oni; W oi: oni; Papuma: oni; Pom: oni; Wadapi-Laut: ohoneima; Munggui: onima, ona; Wandamen : one, oni, ona.
b. Wabo: asi; Mor: hai.
c. Kurudu: ser.
d. Biak: be; Ron: be; Dusner: be; Waropen: we, bero.
e. Biak: buk.

f. Irarutu: mage.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 29

TO FIND, TO GET
a. Serui-Laut: adu, aduta; Waropen: sado; Biak: dor.
b. Biak: sma; Wandamen: samwa.
c. Waropen : rumana.

TO SEEK
a. Serui-Laut: era; Waropen : wara; Wandamen : sasera; Biak: serf, sewar.
b. Biak: fa, pamfai. The possibility of correspondence between the words under a. and the Wandamen words ser, sera (to see) and Waropen sira (to see) (no. 33) is not precluded.

TO REMEMBER
a. Busami: saneo, ianeo; Wand amen : sanepaya; Biak: swar~W b. Waropen: rowuara, rombara.

TO KNOW
a. Serui-Laut: wai-saiwara; Ron: sayarbar.
b. Serui-Laut: wai(-)oato.
c. Dusner: mampiri; Biak: fir.
d. Biak: fau.
e. Wandamen : rina.

TO FLOW
a. Ambai: deda; Kurudu: tiatra; Wandamen : dira.
b. Biak: ki.
c. Waropen: ru.
d. Waropen : mo.
e. Dusner: we; Ron: we.

MAN
a. Kurudu: iman; Wabo: emane; Wadapi-Laut: ma; Ambai: uma, uma'3; Serui-Laut: man, ma'3; Ansus: muan, mua'3; Pom: mawan; Munggui: mawan; Marau: mawa; Papuma: mua'3; Woi: mua1J; Wandamen : mua, muan; Waropen : mano; Biak: man.
b. Kurudu: meswami; meswam = husband; Serui-Laut: awani (idem); Dusner: swa (id.); Ron: SUJa (id.); Biak: swa (id.); Wandamen: sawa, sawani.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

c. Irarutu: mran, bran; Mor: buran, burana.
d. Biak: snon; Ron: noman; Dusner: snotnan. The Ron and Dusner words under d. most probably contain the same element **man* as is found in words under a. and could, therefore, also have been inc1uded in tis group. The words under c. contain Austronesian *Rani (manly, brave), probably with a prefixed element, which makes them direct equivalents of Malay berani.
64. WOMAN
a. Kurudu: ivin; Wabo: ewen; Ambai: bine = wife; Serui-Laut: vine (id.); Waropen : bino; Wandamen : vinie (= wife); Biak: bin; Ron: bun.
b. Ansus: vavi, vavifJ; Ambai: vivifJ; Serui-Laut: vavin, vavifJ; Woi: wawin; Papuma: vavin; Pom: vavin; Wadapi-Laut: wiwi; Marau: vavin; Mor: vavin, va'lJina; Wandamen: babi. vaVl, babin, vavin; Irarutu: befine.
c. Dusner: rik en.
d. Irarutu: sof, sofo. The words under a. represent Austronesian *binay (woman), while those under b. probably represent Austronesian *babi (female).
65. NAME
a. Kurudu: sino; Wabo: uasino; Wadapi-Laut: wono; Ambai: onofJ; Serui-Laut: anOfJ; Ansus: anofJ; Munggui: sano; Pom: sano; Papuma: ano; W oi: hano; Biak: snonsnon; Wandamen: sano; Irarutu: nu; Ron: nasonon; Dusner: snor.
b. Biak: nasan; Waropen : nasano; Mor: natan, nafana; Ron: nasan, nasonon.
c. Dusner: was.
d. Dusner: nandia. The Ron word nasonon, under a., forms a link between the words under a. and b.
66. WORD
a. Serui-Laut: kavo; Wandamen : kabo, kabio.
b. Biak: wos; Ron: wos.
c. Dusner: bereu.

YAPEN 31

FATHER
a. Pom:-tama-; Papuma: tama-; Ansus: tama-; Serui-Laut: tama-; Ambai: tama-; Wandamen : tama-; Dusner: tama-; Ron: kama-; Biak: kma.
b. Kurudu: ita; Ambai: dai; Serui-Laut: dai; Ansus: dai, yai; Pom: yai; Papuma: intae-; Mor: ate; Waropen : dawai; Wandamen: yai, ayai; Irarutu:-die; Biak: dooi, yai.
c. Biak: mam. The words under a. probably represent Austronesian **ama.* The form tama is found everywhere in Melanesia.

MOTHER
a. Serui-Laut: ina-; Ambai: ina-; Ansus: ina-; Kurudu: ina; Mor: ina; Waropen : inai; Irarutu:-dena; Biak: ina, inani, nani.
b. Ansus: ay; Serui-Laut: ai; Ambai: ai; Wandamen: mai; Ron: O$n.
c. Dusner: meni; Waropen: mini; Wandamen : awini.
d. Biak: ma; Wandamen: sinia, siniani; Ron: sana. The words under a. al1d d. are undoubtedly cognate and represent Austronesian *ina.

SISTER-IN-LAW, BROTHER-IN-LAW
a. Serui-Laut: dorambi = sister-in-law; Waropen : ora = brother-in-law; Wandamen : diro.
b. Serui-Laut: amoi = brother-in-law; Waropen : amai = used to address brother-in-law.
c. Biak: refio, refiori; Ron: rifio; Dusner: ripiori.
d. Waropen : arai- brother-in-law.

70. FRIEND

a. Serui-Laut: manivovi; Waropen : maniwowi; Biak: manibob; Wandamen : aibob.
b. Wandamen: maneta; Irarutu: amatu.
c. Waropen : no, nu.

d. Biak: min.

The Serui-Laut and Waropen words under a. may well be borrowed from Biak. The Biak and Wandamen words under a. are known to mean specifically "business friend". The correspondence of the words under b. is dubious.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

WAR etc.
a. Serui-Laut: rai, rait (war, enemy); Dusner: rat (war); Ron: rak (war); Waropen : da (war, enemy); Wandamen : rai, rait (war, enemy); Biak: rak (war, enemy); Irarutu: marao, marase (war, enemy).
b. Ansus: amuna (enemy); Kurudu: simunsi (war); Mor: amuna (war); Waropen : muno (to fight); Wandamen : mun (to fight); Biak: mun (to fight).
c. Ansus: umbe (war).
d. Biak: mbrob (war, enemy).

72. BIRD

a. Ansus: aya; Serui Laut: aya; Woi: aya; Wandamen : aya.
b. Kurudu: diu, diupi; Wabo: dipin; Serui-Laut: diwpe.
c. Ambai: romu; Wadapi-Laut: romu.
d. Dusner: man; Ron: man; Biak: man; Irarutu: mana, mane; Waropen : mani; Mor: manu.
e. M unggui: andova; Marau: andova; Pom: andova; Papuma: andova. The words under d. represent Austronesian **manuk.*
73. TAIL
a. Ansus: amakapufj; Munggui: kapu; Pom: kapu; Papuma: amakapu1J; W oi: kapufj; Wandamen : kapupui; Dusner: kapu, kPu; Ron: kopu.
b. Serui-Laut: amafjgi; Wandamen: (sama-)kai.
c. Wadapi-Laut: amandau; Ambai: amandau; Wabo: sapadai; Kurudu: samdain, samrain.
d. Mor: ha, hau.
e. Irarutu: su.
f. Biak: PUTa, purai; Waropen : fera.

74. EGG

a. Kurudu: antoin; Wabo: pirontoi.
b. Wadapi-Laut: aibo; Ambai: ai-bo"J; Serui-Laut: (aya-)bofj; Ansus: nebo, nebOfj; Pom: nebo; Papuma: nebOfj; W oi: nebuo; Munggui: nevo, nevon.
c. Mor: ba'u.
d. Waropen : koiwo, koibo.
e. Irarutu: tru.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 33

f. Biak: pnor; Wandamen : ponor, ponori; Dusner: pnor. There is correspondence between Austronesian *t~lur and the words under e. and f., and a bare possibility of such correspondence with the words under a.
75. NEST
a. Ansus: karaini; Serui-Laut: min; Wandamen : karai, karaini.
b. Ambai: aysafjgi, aysafjgifj; Irarutu: isana.
c. Mor: nibi, niwi; Waropen : ni; Biak: niw (espec.: a pig's lair).
d. Biak; narem.
e. Biak: nas. The words under b. probably represent Austronesian * salafj.
76. CROWNED PIGEON (Goura spp.)
a. Ansus: mambaru; Serui-Laut: mambadu; Ambai: mambriu; Wandamen : mambru, mambruk; Biak: mambruk; Mor; wabusu.
b. Irarutu: titere.
c. Waropen : suasurau, isusiarawo, suraswo; Mor: manu-dyani- -isura.
77. BIRD OF PARADISE
a. Serui-Laut: botena; Ambai; botena; Wandamen : ayavata, aya- vatan.
b. Ansus: aewawa; Irarutu: vovo. There are also a number of words in Biak, Irarutu, Wandamen, Mor and Waropen in which no mutual correspondenee is to be found and of which there are no cognates in the Yapen languages.
78. HORNBILL
a. Ansus: wama; Serui-Laut: wama; Ambai: wama; Wandamen: wamar; Waropen : wama, ghama.
b. Biak: wandau, wando.
c. Mor; yari.
79. COCKATOO
a. Ansus; kam; Serui-Laut: karai; Ambai: kara; Biak: mang~ras (also karasibido, in the speciallanguage of dirges).
b. Mor: warar; Waropen : taware; Biak: manwaref.
c. Biak: aweko. Verh. dl. XXXV

SITUATION IN YAPEN

d. Waropen: dafa.
e. Waropen : mandara.
f. Ambai: ando.
80. LORY
a. Ambai: wioay; Ansus: wioi; Wandamen: wioi.
b. Biak: manyauwri, manyowir; Mor: manya.
c. Waropen: gegeri.
d. Waropen : winduara.
81. CHICKEN
a. Ansus: nafJkue; Busami: mafJkuke; Serui-Laut: mafJkue; Ambai: mafJkukei.
b. Irarutu: kok; Waropen : koko; Mor: koko; Dusner: koko, kokoer; Ron: koko, kokori; Wandamen : kokori; Biak: mafJkoko. These words show strong signs of having been borrowed as, for instanee, the element *man-*in words from languages which have an entirely different word for bird (cf. no. 72).
82. CASSOW ARY
a. Ambai: mansari, maunsari; Meoswar: manswar; Biak: manswar; Wand amen : masuar, masua; Waropen : saro; Mor: tuar.
b. Ansus: korawai.
c. Serui-Laut: afara.
d. Serui-Laut: kaiba.
e. Irarutu: dyamu; Waropen : yimukua. The correspondence of the two words under e. is uncertain. There are probab!y instanees of borrowing among the words under a.; cf. my remark under no. 81.
83. CAT
a. Ansus: nau; Dusner: nau; Ron: nau; Wandamen: nau; Biak: nau, mau; Wa ropen : neo.
b. Ambai: nehi; Serui-Laut: meki.
c. Mor: katarum.
84. DOG
a. Serui-Laut: unap; Dusner: nap; Ron: nyaf; Biak: naf.
b. Ansus: wona; Serui-Laut: wona; Kurudu: una; Waropen : una; Mor: au na; Wandamen : wona; Irarutu: funa.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 3S

c. Biak: mak ei.
d. Ambai: fiavera. The Serui-Laut word unap forms a clear link between the words of a. and those of b.
85. PIG
a. Munggui: sonay.
b. Ansus: tapuy; Serui-Laut: tafui.
c. Busami: una; Wandamen: pimuna.
d. Ambai: piay; Wandamen: pisai.
e. Serui-Laut: bem; Ron: wen; Biak: ben, beydn; Irarutu: f~ne.

f. Biak: roman, rumun; Dusner: rumun.

g. Biak: randip.
h. Waropen : fo, arofo.
j. Mor: kowi$a. In the words under b. Austronesian **babuy* can still be recognised.
86. CROCODILE
a. Ambai: wafjgori; Serui-Laut: wafjkori; Ron: wOfjgor; Biak: wonkor; Waropen : afjgoro; Mor: wafjgo.
b. Irarutu: sieri.
c. Periphrases are found in Dusner (imbebek), Ron (imbebwa), Wandamen (diankariria-lit.: evil fish) and Ansus (tapui koraz). These may have originated as the results of word taboos.
87. HOUSE LIZARD
a. Ambai: kapetani; Serui-Laut: kafei; Ansus: kapagiwa; Wandamen : kapa, kapitia, kopatei; Biak: kampnar, kapananir.
b. Waropen : umesi; Mor: motin.
88. SNAKE
a. Munggui: tawai; Pom: tawai; Ambai: tawai; Serui-Laut: tawai; Wadapi-Laut: tawai; Wandamen: tawai.
b. Kurudu: mor; Wabo: muore; Waropen: 0'1"0, woro; Mor: or; Wandamen : korow.
c. Ansus: piara.
d. Woi: pinamonai.
e. Papuma: araya.
f. Dusner: kariom.

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

g. Ron: paf.
h. Mor: dyoroba.
j. Irarutu: sawat.
k. Biak: ikak.
1. Irarutu: yaka.
89. FISH
a. Kurudu: dian, din; Wabo: din; Wadapi-Laut: dia; Ambai: dian, diafJ; Serui-Laut: dian, diafJ; Ansus: diafJ; Pom: dian; Papuma: tiafJ; Woi: tian; M unggui: tyian; Wandamen : dia, dian; Mor: rian; Irarutu: dye = flesh (cf. no. 26).
b. Biak: in; Ron: in; Dusner: in.
c. Waropen: 000.
d. Waropen : anano.
e. Irarutu: sumo
90. LOBSTER, CRA YFISH
a. Serui-Laut: kawei; Ansus: kawei; Wandamen : kawei; Biak: kawen.
b. Biak: amos.
C. Biak: sapap.
d. Waropen : mero.
e. Waropen : soindui.
91. WORM
a. Serui-Laut: kauna; Kurudu: kauám; Waropen : aunano (= caterpiIlar); Wandamen : kakuna (= caterpillar, Iarva).
b. Ambai: kauboy; Wandamen : kasibui.
C. Dusner: sabi-sabi.
d. Ron: kabaker. A number of words were recorded for Biak, for which no corresponding words were found in the other Ianguages.
92. BUTTERFLY
a. Munggui: apopa; Pom: apopa; Papuma: apopa; Ansus: apopa; Wandamen : apopa, apopi; Biak: apop, kapop, ampop; Irarutu: apapro.
b. Kurudu: akomia, akomiai; Wabo: k01Jgomiae.
C. Ambai: kamambo; Serui-Laut: kamambo; Wadapi-Laut: kamambo.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 37

d. Ansus: masikaf3konami.
e. Woi: rovirovi.

f. Irarutu: bav
g. Wandamen : manipopi; Dusner: manipopi; Meoswar: manpiop.
h. Waropen : wayakomu, wayakombu.

j. Mor: karimamo'a.

MOSQUITO
a. Kurudu: min, sinin; Wabo: seni; Munggui: sinira; Waropen : nini; Mor: tanina.
b. Ansus: aimanin; Papuma: aimanirJ; Munggui: aimanin.
c. Pom: binieri; Irarutu: benisr.
d. Ambai: fikarari; Serui-Laut: fikarari; Wadapi-Laut: fikarari; Woi: pikarari.
e. Biak: rosarek, robearek.

f. Biak: raprap; Irarutu: pramaro.

g. Biak: mum Wandamen : kamumi, kamumis; Ron: numes; Dusner: mum es.
h. Irarutu: dader.

j. Waropen : nifeni.

k. Waropen : rewori.

FLY
a. Kurudu: ramat, raumat; Wabo: aramate; Mor: 'arima; Waropen: rama, ramai; Biak: ran, rafjgamak.
b. Wadapi-Laut: amumar; Ambai: amuma, amumer; Serui-Laut: amumafj; Ansus: amoma; Pom: amuma; Papuma: amoma; Woi: amuma; Wandamen: amumar.
c. Serui-Laut: amandori.
d. Serui-Laut: marea.
e. M unggui: kapinanoar.

f. Munggui: apokake.

g. Mor: anar.
h. Irarutu: feg.
J. Dusner: nantuat. The word under h. represents Austronesian **pik 95. ANT
a. Ansus: anana; Ambai: anana; Serui-Laut: anana; Wandamen: anana; Biak: mananak.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

b. Biak: anir.
c. Irarutu: wasir;;J.
d. Wand amen : asuat.
e. Mor: riram.
96. LOUSE
a. Kurudu: u; Wabo: yu; Wadapi-Laut: utu; Ambai: utu; Se rui-Laut: itu; Ansus: utu; M unggui: utu; Marau: ulu; Pom: utu; Papuma: utu; Woi: utu; Mor: ku⁵a, su⁵ a; Waropen : wui; Wand amen : utu, rutu; Irarutu: ut; Biak: uk; Dusner: ut; Ron: uk.
b. Wandamen : koir; Dusner: koir; Ron: koir. The words under a. represent Austronesian *kutu.
96a. BLOODSUCKER, LEECH

a. Ambai: kikairi; Serui-Laut: kiairi.
b. Ansus: dido; Wandamen: ririo.
c. Biak: aia; Waropen : ya; Mor: yaSa; Dusner: ayaur; Ron: ayau.
d. Biak: wepoi.
e. Irarutu: waisi.
f. Waropen : ra.
97. TREE, WOOD
a. Kurudu: ai; Wabo: yay; Wadapi-Laut: ai; Ansus: ay; M unggui: ai; Pom: ai; Papuma: ai; Woi: ai; Dusner: ai; Ron: ai; Meoswar: ai; Biak: ai; Wandamen : ai; Waropen : a, ai; Mor: ae; Irarutu: e.
b. Kurudu: ai-bro; Serui-Laut: ai-ferab; Wadapi-Laut: ai-rabofJ; Papuma: ai-rawofJ; Waropen: a-bo; Wandamen: rabo; Irarutu: tro.
c. Biak: knam.
d. Mor: kaSuat.
e. Ansus: du, dupi. The words under b. and c. mean more specifically a tree. Those under a. correspond with Austronesian **kayu.*
98. LEAF
a. Woi: raun; Pom: rau; Wandamen : rau; Irarutu: ro.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 39

b. Kurudu: koi, ratJgoi; Wabo: t"atJgokoi.
c. Wadapi-Laut: rerautJ; Ambai: rerau, rerautJ; Serui-Laut: rerau; Ansus: werautJ; Papuma: wet"atJ; M unggui: reran.
d. Serui-Laut: andarau, andarautJ.
e. Munggui: anani.
f. Mor: ranu; Waropen : rana; Dusner: ram; Ron: ram; Biak: ram. Austronesian daun, or daw;}n, can be recognised in all the words under a., C., d., and f.
99. FLOWER
a. Serui-Laut: bu; Ambai;-bu; Ansus: bo(-)pu; Kurudu:-pu. Biak por (= the young spadix of a palm tree) and kaboro (= pawpaw blossom) probably also belong to this group.
b. Serui-Laut: butJa; Waropen : butJga; Ron: butJun.
c. Biak: pen, pampen.
d. Wandamen : ario.
e. Irarutu: kaka.

f. Dusner: weter.

The words under b. may well have been borrowed straight from Malay, although the possibility of direct derivation from Austronesian *butJa should not be precluded.

THORN
a. Serui-Laut: sasinai; Ansus: sasinai; Wabo: sens~na; Wandamen : sasinai, sina.
b. Biak: borek; Waropen : woi; Mor: oro.
c. Irarutu: grir;}.

FRUIT Kurudu:-bo; Ambai: botJ; Serui-Laut: bo, bon; Ansus: botJ; Mor: bo, boro; Waropen:-bo, -wo; Wandamen : buo; Biak: bon; Irarutu: fu. Austronesian *buah is represented in all these words.

BRANCH
a. Ansus: arawatJ; Serui-Laut: arawai; Ambai: arawa; Wandamen :-rawan; Mor: oa.
b. Biak: snau.
c. Biak: rorek.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

d. Mor: ubu.
e. Irarutu: sag;J. The words under a. probably represent Austronesian **dahan,* while that under e. may weIl represent Austronesian *ta1jkay.
103. ROOT
a. Munggui: owar, wowar; Woi: wari; Pom: wawari; Wabo: wari; Kurudu: wan; Waropen : wai; Wandamen: war; Irarutu: war, ware, kwakare.
b. Wadapi-Laut: newa; Ambai: nerewa, newa; Serui-Laut: rewa, rirewa.
c. Ansus: woa; Papuma: woa.
d. Biak: rares.
e. Mor: umo.
f. Dusner: pires. The words under a. probably, and those under b. and c. possibly, correspond with Austronesian *wak~.

104. SEED

a. Kurudu: kmi; Wabo: kemei; Ambai: kamiai; Serui-Laut: kami; Ansus: kami; M unggui: kami; Papuma: kami; W oi: kami; Wandamen : kami.
b. Wadapi-Laut: bO'1j; Ambai: bo; Serui-Laut: b01j; Papuma: b01j.
c. Serui-Laut: awa; Waropen: bai, wai; Mor: baJu.
d. Pom: mo; Wandamen : mor; Biak: mor; Dusner: romor.
e. Irarutu: ,.ir.
f. Waropen: soa. All the words under a., and the Waropen words under c., also mean: stone. Words representing Austronesian **batu,* stone, are to be found under c.
105. COCONUT PALM
a. Ambai: at3gadi; Serui-Laut: a1jkari; Ansus: at3kadi; Wandamen : akadi, atJkadi.
b. Biak: srai; Ron: sarai; Dusner: sarai.
c. Waropen : niwaro, niwai; Mor: nei, ne.
d. Irarutu: umage.
e. Biak: aimani. The words under c. may weIl derive from Austronesian *niyuR.

IN YAPEN 41

BANANA
a. Ambai: rando; Serui-Laut: nando; Ansus: nando; Wandamen : ando, nando; Waropen : dorado.
b. Biak: byef, imbyef, mnef; Ron: bief; Dusner: bief.
c. Mor: hut, huta; Waropen : hui, ui; Irarutu: fude. The words under c. represent Austronesian *punti.

MATOA (Pometia spp.) Ambai: tawa; Ansus: tawan; Wandamen : tawa; Waropen : kawano.

108. PANDANUS

a. Ambai: andaun; Ansus: andau.

b. Biak: jar.

c. Biak: rek.
d. Wandamen : utin.
e. Waropen : sapa. The words under a. can probably be resolved into the con- stituent meanings of tree and leaf.
109. "NIBONG" PALM (Oncosperma filamentosa)
a. Serui-Laut: an~ki; Biak: ansan.
b. Ambai: kafirohi.
c. Ansus: tiniopi.
d. Waropen: re; Wandamen: ai-rel".
e. Wandamen: dui.
f. Biak: ayam.
110. IRON-WOOD (-TREE)
a. Ambai: ron; Serui-Laut: ron; Ansus: dro1,3; Wandamen : ron; Biak: nor.
b. Biak: kabu.
c. Waropen: osa.
111. THATCH PALM (Nipa fruticans)
a. Serui-Laut: fare; Wandamen : pare, paren; Dusner: paren; Mor: harem.
b. Waropen : somare; Irarutu: suniwaro; Biak: some.
c. Biak: atam.

SITUATION IN Y APEN

d. Biak: sanenem.
e. Ron: suan.
112. BREADFRUIT (Artocarpus spp.)
a. Ambai: anita; Serui-Laut: anita; Ansus: anita; Wand amen : anita, andita; Biak: andisa.
b. Ambai: andau; Ansus: andawi; Biak: andaw; Irarutu: adauro.
c. Meoswar: waper.
d. Biak: ur; Waropen : ura.
e. Biak: warem; Mor: uritJ; Irarutu: waye.
f. Irarutu: akanaka.
g. Waropen : unaro. There are two different words in several of the languages, for two different kinds of fruit are involved here (commonly called sukun and gomo). The words under d. probably correspond with Austronesian **kulul.*
113. PA WP A W (Carica papaya)
a. Ambai: ensawai; Serui-Laut: ansowai; Ansus: ayawai; Biak: asawa; Ron: asawa.
b. Dusner: serme.
c. Biak: kapaya.
d. Wand amen : seberani, seberiani.
e. Waropen : seneneno.
114. GENEMON (Gnetum gnemon)
a. Ansus: marapa; Wandamen: marapa; Biak: mbrab.
b. Ambai: kekamboni.
c. Waropen : mamboki.
d. Waropen : nini.
e. Waropen : rewi.
115. BETEL-VINE (Piper betJe)
a. Serui-Laut: rema, rematJ; Ambai: rema; Wand amen : reman, remar.
b. Biak: nan; Waropen : nano.
116. SUGAR CANE
a. Ambai: tobu; Serui-Laut: tovu; Ansus: tobu; Wandamen :

SITUATION IN YAPEN 43

tobu; Waropen: koWt'; Mor: oha, koha; Irarutu: tof; Biak: kob.

b. Biak: kaman. The words under a. represent Austronesian ·t~bu.
117. MAIZE (Zea mays)
a. Ansus: kaitera; Serui-Laut: kaitero; Ron: kastera; Biak: katera, kastera; Waropen : kasitera.
b. Dusner: pasbuk; Wandamen : pasbuki; Waropen : katibu.
c. Ambai: kasambere.
118. GOURD
a. Ansus: airai; Ambai: azraz; Serui-Laut: airai; Wandamen : ariei; Dusner: ariain.
b. Biak: bati, batin, bakdi.
c. Waropen : bira, biraiwo. Van Hasselt also gives a Ron word, ar/ain (s.v. batl), in his Numfor dictionary. It looks like amistake, which should read ar}UJn or ariain. This would place it in the group of words under a.
119. KUNAI GRASS (Imperata spp.)
a. Ambai: ninoy.
b. Ansus: atodidowi.
c. Serui-Laut: kunsai.
d. Wandamen : rura; Biak: rur;:,n. In addition, there are number of Biak, Irarutu and Mor words which do not correspond with the words listed above, nor with each other.
120. TOBACCO Ansus: avaku; Ambai: abahoy; Serui-Laut: awaku; Mor: saba5u, samba'u; Waropen: sabaku; Wandamen: sambako; Irarutu: tabaku; Biak: tabaku, sabako, sambako. All these words have obviously been borrowed, although apparently not in recent times.
121. GHERKIN
a. Serui-Laut: kaina; Waropen : kasinano; Wandamen : kasinam.
b. Serui-Laut: mani.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

c. Dusner: tinem; Waropen : imuri.
d. Ron: indojam.
e. Biak: fnsos.
f. Biak: ampeke.
122. SWEET POT ATO
a. Ansus: parifJke; Serui-Laut: parifJge; Ambai: parifJgeni; Waropen: farekio, farengeno; Wandamen : farkiam; Biak: farkia.
b. Serui-Laut: avi.
c. Busami: k"dsera (loan word from Malay).
d. Mor: mamber; Wandamen : wamberi.
e. Wandamen: karipiani.
f. Biak: ansio, ransio.
g. Irarutu: sirnyefatabre.
123. RICE Serui-Laut: fa; Biak: fas; Wandamen: fas; Waropen: pako; Dusner: pas; Ron: fas. Austronesian **b"dras* is represented in all these words.
124. GRASS, WEEDS
a. Serui-Laut: nanimpu; Ansus: nanimpufJ; Kurudu: minimnimpe.
b. Ambai: afuy; Serui-Laut: kampui.
c. Ambai: kunsumi.
d. Mor: munia.
e. Waropen : i, sia.
f. Irarutu: samwine; Wandamen : samuen.
g. Irarutu: sisine.
h. Wandamen : kabrisi; Biak: abris.
J. Meoswar: pamisof.
125. GARDEN
a. Ambai: romi; Serui-Laut: romi; Ansus: rom; Wandamen: romi; Biak: om; Dusner: omek, rumek.
b. Biak: yaf, dyaf; Mor: yabar; Dusner: ndiap = house.
c. Irarutu: dadan"d.
d. Waropen : mino. Austronesian *ladafJ is probably represented in the word under
C., and Austronesian *Rumah = house, in the words under a.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 4S

FENCE, PALISADE
a. Ambai: fawra; Serui-Laut: fara; Ansus: waru"; Mor: ara' a ; Wandamen : war; Biak: ayar; Dusner: ar; Ron: ar.
b. Ron: isa-isa; Waropen: aisa.
c. Irarutu: ruma. The words under a. probably represent Austronesian **pagd{,* while that under c. may derive from Austronesian *Rumah.

SOIL, GROUND
a. Woi: kakopa; Papuma: takopa, kakopa; Pom: kakopa; Munggui : kakopa; Ansus : kakopa; Serui-Laut: kakofa; Ambai: kahofa; Wadapi-Laut: kahofa; Wabo: kopada; Marau: kakopa; Wandamen : kakopa.
b. Kurudu: kosomu, kosomo.
c. Mor: sara; Waropen : ana.
d. Irarutu: mifr.
e. Irarutu: bine, mbine.
f. Biak: saprop; Dusner: sop. The correspondence of the words under f. is not certain. Those under c. obviously represent Austronesian *tanah.

STONE
a. Kurudu: arokmi; Wabo: aro-kemei; Wadapi-Laut: kamiei; Ambai: kamiai; Serui-Laut: kami; Ansus: kami; Marau: kami; Pom: kami; Papuma: kami; Woi: kami; Irarutu: kami.
b. Kurudu: arokmi; Wabo: aro-kemei; Biak: karu, keru.
c. Busami: worami; Munggui: barandin; Mor: va'a; Dusner: or; Ron: or; Waropen: wai.
d. Waropen : rewano.
e. Wandamen : rovuki. The same Kurudu and Wabo words are mentioned under a. and b., because they contain the characteristic elements of the a., as weU as the b., group. Austronesian *batu can perhaps be detected in the words under c., but this seems very doubtful.

WATER
a. Kurudu: marea; Wadapi-Laut: mereha; Ambai: mereha, merea; Serui-Laut: marea; Busami: maria; Ansus: maria; Pom: dia; Papuma: mare; Woi: maria; Marau: mare; Munggui: mare, marea; Wandamen : maria = drinkable water.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

b. Kurudu: way = river; Wabo: uai; Ambai: waya = river; Serui-Laut: waya = river; Mor: wayar = river; Waropen : wai; Biak: war; Irarutu: wer, were.
c. Ansus: karu = juice; Ambai: kuru = juice; Irarutu: rue (used in sus-rue = breast water, i.e. milk); Dusner: rur = saucej Ron: rur = sauce j Biak: dur, rur = juice, boiled water.
d. Kurudu: sroi.
e. Wandamen : kambu.
f. Mor: rarum; Waropen : rauno; Wandamen : raro = river.
g. Waropen : masino. Austronesian **duruh,* fluid, juice, is represented in the words under c. j Austronesian *way~r in those under b.

130. MUD

a. Ansus: panana; Ambai: patata.
b. Serui-Laut: maorai. In addition, a number of Meoswar, Wandamen, Waropen, Irarutu, Mor and Biak words were noted which do not correspond to each other, nor to the words listed above. Correspondence of the words under a. also seems doubtful.

131. LAND (as opposed to sea)

a. Serui-Laut: roirei j Waropen : re (but rere = forest land); Wandamen : re; Biak: rande, wande, wonde = landward, inland.
b. Mor: sara. Biak has some more, unrelated words.

132. SEA

a. Kurudu: sorn; Biak: soren; Ron: soren; Mor: toa.
b. Ambai: rawanafj; Ansus: rawana, rawanafj; Serui-Laut: sairau; Wandamen : rawanam, (but rau = seaward); Waropen : rau; Mor: ru; Dusner: ramen.
c. Ambai: aira; Busami: airara = at sea.
d. Biak: swan; Waropen : tuni.
e. Biak: masen. Austronesian *laud may he represented in the words under b.

133. ISLAND

a. Serui-Laut: nu; Ambai: nu; Ansus: nutakutu, nuntakutu; Mor: nuta; Waropen : nusa; Wandamen : nu; Irarutu: nu, nyu; Biak:

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 47

nu (only in compounds).

b. Biak: mios, meos; Dusner: mios; Ron: mios. The words under a. represent Austronesian **nusa;* this possibly also applies to those under b.
134. WAY, PATH
a. Kurudu: ran; Wabo: ran; Wadapi-Laut: ra; Ambai: ra, ra'J; Serui-Laut: ra'J; Busami: tia; Ansus: ran; Munggui: layan; Pom: rayan; Papuma: raem; W oi: ra,,; Dusner: rian; Ron: rian; Wandamen : ran; Waropen : rarado; Mor: rarin, rarina; lrarutu: radni, randni.
b. Biak: nyan; Mor: na"gare. The words under b. are no more than variants of those under a. Both derive from Austronesian **dalan, dyalan.
135. MOUNT AlN
a. Ansus: wi; Serui-Laut: wi; Woi: wi; Wandamen : wi, wis.
b. Papuma: tabui; Pom: tabui; M unggui: tabui.
c. Ambai: uai; Wadapi-Laut: uai.
d. Kurudu: abobo.
e. Wabo: kutebo.
f. Biak: bon; Dusner: wom; Ron: bwon.
g. lrarutu: magire.
h. lrarutu: teTO.
j. Waropen : rosa (especially: time rock).
k. Waropen : boira.

1. Mor: era.

m. Dusner: mrep.
136. SAND
a. Ansus: rubua'J; Papuma: rovua'J; Pom: rovuian; Wadapi-Laut: numbuai; Wandamen : rubua, rubuan.
b. Woi: nyapa; Wadapi-Laut: naja; Munggui: nyapa; Mor: nahasa; Waropen : naja.
c. Ambai: ninuai; Serui-Laut: nunui'J.
d. Serui-Laut: wu; Kurudu: vui.
e. Kurudu: komde.
f. Wabo: iei,,; Mor: ayn; Biak: yen, kayen, karyen; Ron: kayen.
g. lrarutu: enenyevu.
h. Dusner: riar.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

j. Ron: betes.

k. Ron: kabun.
137. LAKE
a. Ambai: ruru; Serui-Laut: ruru; Wandamen : ruru. In addition, a number of Biak and Waropen words were noted which do not correspond with each other, nor with the words listed above.
138. BRIDGE
a. Serui-Laut: dodoku; Dusner: dodoku; Ron: dodoku; Wandamen : dedaku.
b. Biak: adoren, kadoren; Wandamen: dOTa; Waropen : rara.
c. Serui-Laut: Ofjkawa. In addition, a number of words from Biak, Wandamen, Waropen and Mor were noted which show no relationship with each other, nor with the words listed above.
139. SUN
a. Wadapi-Laut: wo; Ambai: wo; Seruit-Laut: wo; Ansus: wo; Pom: wo; Papuma: wo; Woi: wo; Munggui: wor; Marau: wo; Mor: ora; Waropen: ora; Wandamen: wor; Biak: or.
b. Kurudu: ePdai, rePdai; Wabo: repadai.
c. Mor: oroai; Waropen : orawai.
d. Irarutu: re, rere.
e. Biak: yas, ryas.
f. Biak: dares.
g. Dusner: siar; Ron: oor. The words under a. may represent Austronesian **waRi,* or Austronesian *adaw. Those under c. are probably related to Austronesian *adaw and under g. with Austronesian *sifJaR.

140. MOON

a. Kurudu: embai; Wadapi-Laut: embai; Ambai: embai; Serui-Laut: embai; Ansus: yembai; Pom: hembai; Woi: hembai j Papuma: sembai; Munggui: sembai; Marau: hembai; Ron: sebai; Wandamen : sembai, sembyai; Irarutu: seba, semba, syemba.
b. Kurudu: rai; Wabo: rai; Serui-Laut: raio
c. Kurudu: a'Ookai, aboai.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 49

d. Mor: vurin, 'VUrina.
e. Waropen : inisauo.
f. Waropen : wafa.
g. Biak: paik.
h. Meoswar: mak; Dusner: mat. mak occurs in Biak, meaning star. Only Mor 'VUrin (d) can he derived directly from Austronesian **bulan.*
141. STAR
a. Munggui: maki; Biak: mak; Ron: mak; Dusner: mat; Meoswar: mak, also means: moon (cf. no. 140).
b. Kurudu: antum, antu,-,; Wabo: tum; Biak: kum; Mor: um, uma; Waropen : uma; Irarutu: tur.
c. Kurudu: sorbo; W oi: hiviai; Wandamen: sibererei, siberere; Waropen : siwerere.
d. Ansus: piori; Papuma: piori; Pom: piori.
e. Wadapi-Laut: awaha; Ambai: ambaha; Serui-Laut: awa.

f. Biak: atarua.

The words under b. might represent Austronesian *bituh~n.

MORNING STAR
a. Serui-Laut: ampari; Wandamen : sapari; Waropen : sapari; Biak: sampari. Biak has a few more expressions, apparently compounds, con- taining either mak or kum, which both mean star. Van Hasselt gives sasari for Windesi, but this seems amistake for sapari.

CLOUD
a. Kurudu: mandep; Wabo: mandept'.3; Ansus: mandipi; Woi: mandep; Biak: mandep.
b. Pom: arepa; M unggui: arepa; Waropen : arepa; Biak: rep.
c. Ambai: kafafe; Wadapi-Laut: kafafe.
d. Wadapi-Laut: rarika; Ambai: rarika; Serui-Laut: raria.
e. Ambai: rorapaisi; Waropen : dorawai.
f. Dusner: maat.
g. Mor: ahoa'a.
h. Irarutu: tadye. The words under a. and b. are probably related, but they are
nevertheless two separate types, as is borne out by their occurrence, side by side, in Biak, even in the same· dialects. Verh. dl. XXXV "

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

RAIN
a. Wadapi-Laut: metat;; Ambai: metat;; Serui-Laut: metat;; Pom: metan; Biak: mekem; Ron: mekem.
b. Kurudu: ram, ramu; Wabo: ramem; Wandamen : rama.
c. Serui -Laut: mamat;; Ansus: mamat;; Papuma: mamat;; W oi : mamat;; Dusner: namen.
d. Pom: niuna; Wandamen : muna; Mor: unuma.
e. M unggui: tua.

f. Dusner: womu.

g. Wandamen : dyobara.
h. Irarutu: siema.

J. Waropen: dora.

k. Biak: nanek.

145. WIND

a. Kurudu: yowr; Wabo: yowe.
b. Wadapi-Laut: wana; Ambai: wanat;; Serui-Laut: wanat;; Ansus: wana, wanat;; M unggui : wanan; Pom: wanan; Papuma: wanat;; W oi: wanat;; Wandamen: wana; Waropen: wama; Biak: wam; Ron: wam; Dusner: wam.
c. Mor: tivu.
d. Waropen: fua.
e. Irarutu: nof. Austronesian **at;in* may be concealed in the words under b.; if so, there is the possibility of a variant form of it with an initial w, for this occurs in all these languages.

146. SKY

a. Ambai: rara; Serui-Laut: rora; Ansus: rora; Wandamen: rara; Waropen : dora (also means: rain); Mor: araSa.
b. Kurudu: ruays;}run.
c. Waropen: nanit;gi; Biak: nat;gi; Dusner: rante, ranet; Ron: nat;gi, ranek; Irarutu: rag;}t;}. Austronesian lat;it is c1early recognisable in the words under c. It should be noted that two distinct variants within one and the same language occur in Dusner (rante and ranet) and Ron (nat;gi and ranek). While not so great in the case of Dusner, the differ- en ce between the two words in Ron is considerable. Biak has, ho wever, the same word nafjgi and it is very likely that Ron borrowed it from Biak.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 51

RAINBOW
a. Ambai: ayevi; Ansus: yevi; Wandamen : syebi, syebis; Biak: saseb, sasebi; Waropen : sefa.
b. Mor: buria.
c. Irarutu: fae.
d. Ron: sen.
e. Dusner: sisioru.

148. THUNDER

a. Ambai: kadidu; Serui-Laut: kandidau; Ansus: kaydu; Biak: karaáu, karadur; Irarutu: kararu.
b. Wandamen: kuruya; Mor: kururu sa; Waropen: doraruru (dora = sky). Austronesian **guluh* and *kudug are probably represented jn these words, which are also clearly sound-imitative.
149. LIGHTNING
a. Ambai: kaywewa; Serui-Laut: kiabobari; Ansus: kavivyevari, weweria; Wandamen: kabebar, kabyebar; Dusner: karbieber; Biak: arbeber; Ron: beyer.
b. Biak: samar.
c. Irarutu: dene.
d. Irarutu: nawfe.
e. Waropen : merewa.

f. Mor: ararira.

g. Mor: hahaya.

150. DEW

a. Ansus: avuva.
b. Biak: panonak; Waropen : nono.
c. Wandamen: sarepa.
d. Biak: kowek.
e. Biak: primo

f. Biak: waure.

151. FOG, MIST

a. Serui-Laut: nuaya; Ansus: ioa; Wandamen : woyow; Biak: yo.
b. Serui-Laut: kaumayai; Wandamen : kamayow.
C. Ambai: kafape.
d. Biak: dasas.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN Y APEN

e. Biak: afio.
f. Waropen: asi.
g. Waropen : waaro.
152. EAST Ambai: mura; Serui-Laut: mura'3; Ansus: mum'3; Wandamen : mura, muran; Biak: mur;)m. Waropen has raghama (Held, Woordenlijst), which can be resolved into the constituents **ra* and *wama. The other Waropen dialects usually have w instead of gh in this word, in agree- ment with related languages. 1t is possible th at *ra evolved from mura, through elision of the beginning of the word, a common feature in Waropen. 1t se ems unlikely that these words are related to Austronesian *timuR (rain wind).
153. WEST
a. Ambai: (wana )mpui; Serui-Laut: (wana )mpui.
b. Ansus: (wan a) marai; Waropen : iarahio.
c. Waropen : wako (really means below).
d. Wandamen : matan.
e. Biak: bar"Jk; Ron: barik; Dusner: berowek. The same word as those under e. occurs, for instance in Malay, as bamt. The Dusner form seems strange because of its final k, wh ere one would expect t.
154. NORTH
a. Ansus: mba; Serui-Laut: mba; Wandamen : ba.
b. Ambai: nsai.
c. Biak: mbrur, brur; Ron: borur; Dusner: berowe.
155. VILLAGE
a. Ansus: manu; Ambai: munu (also means house); Dusner: munuai; Ron: monu; Biak: mnu; Waropen: nu; Mor: manu = forest.
b. Se rui-Laut: awa.
c. Mor: ramara.
d. Wand amen : aniase. The words under a. represent Austronesian *banua, land, settlement.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 53

156. FIRE

a. Kurudu: aáia; Wadapi-Laut: aáia; Ambai: aáia; Serui-Laut: adia; Ansus: adia; W oi: atia; Wandamen : adia.
b. Kurudu: arom, aro1J; Wabo: aro; Pom: arutan; Busami: anduta; Marau: auna1J; Papuma: anta1J; M unggui: antan.
e. Mor: mo' ana.
d. Irarutu: fina.
e. Waropen: sa; Biak: sak = flame.

f. Biak: for; Dusner: por; Ron: for.

g. Biak: apyam. In the word under g. prohably Austronesian *apuy IS represented.

157. SMOKE

a. Ansus: wiyow; Papuma: wio; Woi: wio; Wandamen: woyow. wiyow; Dusner: yow.
b. Wabo: duaisi; Waropen : awuasi.
e. Kurudu: mau, haruman; Biak: pau.
d. Ansus: soona; Papuma: sona; Pom: tiona; Munggui: tyona.
e. Wadapi-Laut: rirau; Amhai: rirau, rirau1J; Serui-Laut: rirau, rirau1J.

f. Wandamen : tup.

g. Irarutu: bombo, obo, ob.
h. Biak: oref.

j. Biak: ipay.

k. Biak: as; Waropen : asi, sasi. The words under k. probably represent Austronesian **asu,* or hasap.

158. ASH

a. Wabo: abu; Ambai: avo = dust; Serui-Laut: wawu; Ansus: wabu; M unggui: wabu; Papuma: wavu; Woi: wabu; Waropen : awu; Wandamen : wabu.
b. Ambai: kafjgana, ka1Jgana1J; Wadapi-Laut: ka1Jkana; Mor: 'ana, 'aha.
e. Kurudu: pense, p~mse.
d. Biak: paf~m, faf~m; Ron: pafen; Dusner: papen.
e. Irarutu: tugwan, tugwane. Austronesian *abu ean he reeognised in the words under a.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

The Wabo word could very weIl have been borrowed from Malay.

HOUSE
a. Kurudu: inun, irun; Biak: rum; Waropen : rum; Irarutu: ruma = fence.
b. Ambai: munu; Serui-Laut: manu; Ansus: manu; Pom: manu; Papuma: manu.
c. Wandamen: anio; Dusner: rio = a room.
d. Irarutu: sana; Ron: sar = a room.
e. Mor: wea. Words representing Austronesian **Rumah* are found under a., and words representing Austronesian *banua (cf. no. 155) are found under b.

160. HUT

a. Biak: yab;Jr, yaW;Jr; Wandamen: yaba; Waropen: iawaro; Mor: yavar = garden; Dusner: ndiap = house.
b. Serui-Laut: warumai.
161. STEPS
a. Ambai: keti; Mor: kareSa; Biak: kakar; Irarutu: gege.
b. Ansus: tei; Wandamen : ate; Biak: OOir; Meoswar: OOoren.
c. Biak: awek.
d. Biak: esef.
e. Irarutu: rona.
f. Waropen: epama.
162. DOOR
a. Serui-Laut: raturi; Ansus: aturarei; Wandamen : ature.
b. Kurudu: kutrepi.
c. Ambai: rahutu.
d. Mor: repo.
e. Irarutu: frov;Jn;J.
f. Biak: kan ken (door, as opposed to doorway); Waropen : kakea.
g. Biak: kedwa, kerwa (doorway); Ron: sOOwan; Dusner: sanoan.
163. SAGO LEAF RIB (used for making waIls)
a. Ambai: ampehi; Serui-Laut: ampi; Ansus: ampe; Wandamen : amper, ape; Biak: amper; Dusner: amper; Ron: aper; Meoswar:

ROOF, ROOF COVERING

a. Ambai: antarau; Serui-Laut: ratarau; Ansus: randaufj; Wandamen : nandau.
b. Kurudu: rum-dai.
c. Waropen: sira.
d. Wandamen : babua.
e. Waropen: aka; Mor: ra S a.

f. Irarutu: ativro.

g. Biak: os; Ron: os; Dusner: os. A word for leaf occurs in the words under a. (cf. no. 99). The words under e. represent Austronesian *atap.

16S. WALL

a. Ambai:-taba; Serui-Laut:-taba; Wand amen : itaban. (In Ambai and Serui-Laut the form is preceded by the word for sago leaf rib (cf. no. 163».
b. Ansus: tafjkawi. A number of Biak, Irarutu, Wandamen and Mor words were noted which did not correspond either mutually or with those listed here.
166. CHEST, BOX
a. Serui-Laut: burua; Wa ropen : burua; Biak: burwa, bruwa.
b. Wandamen: aiku; Waropen: aikuna. The words under a. have been borrowed from Galela (Halma- heira) (borua, clothes chest).

167. HOLE

a. Ambai: kamirei; Serui-Laut: kamindei; Wandamen : kamberei; Waropen : rei, rehi; Biak: do-re.
b. Irarutu: nebruvna; Dusner: bron; Ron: borofj; Mor: bo S u.
c. Biak: swaf; Waropen : sa; Wandamen : suep.
d. Biak: mgir, pafjgir; Ron: parjgir.
e. Biak: mnan. The words under b. probably derive from a metathesized farm of Austronesian *lubafj.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

NAIL
a. Serui-Laut: aikau.
b. Wandamen: aisasu.
c. Waropen : arewo; Wandamen : airebuo.
d. Biak: pasrif = wooden nail of canoe.
e. Biak: paku; Dusner: paku; Ron: paku. The words under e. have probably been borrowed from Malay (paku).

SLEEPING MAT Ambai : andau; Serui-Laut: andau; Ansus : andaufj; Wandamen: andiau. In addition, there are a number of Biak, Irarutu, Waropen and Mor words which do not correspond to each other, nor to those listed here, which are identical with the words used for pandanus (leaf) (cf. no. 108).

BED, SLEEPING PLACE
a. Ambai: fata; Waropen: pata; Wandamen: patar.
b. Waropen : wa, ina.
c. Mor: sesen.
d. Biak: kambo.
e. Biak: ak~r.

PILLOW, NECK REST
a. Serui-Laut: airuafj; Wandamen : airiwan; Ron: ariun; Dusner: aruken.
b. Biak: afiak.
c. Biak: nora; Wandamen : nora; Waropen : runa.

KNIFE
a. Ansus: inyoy; Serui-Laut: noi; Ambai: noy; Wandamen : nioi; Biak: ino, inoi; Dusner: noi; Ron: nioi; Waropen : nai, naima.
b. Biak: pamaras.
c. Biak: rorabi.
d. Irarutu: warada.
e. Mor: siwa$a.

MACHETE
a. Ambai: umbe; Serui-Laut: umbe; Ansus: umbe; Waropen:

SITUATION IN YAPEN 57

sumbe, umbe; Wandamen: sumber; Biak: sumber; Dusner: sumber; Ron: suber.

b. Waropen : nai'Wiro.
c. Waropen: sasu.
d. Mor: tawa. The first part of the Waropen word under b. is that for knife (cf. no. 172). Held assumes that the Waropen words sumbe and umbe, under a., have been borrowed from Biak. Regarding umbe, the possibility of a purely Waropen development should be considered, or of borrowing from one of the Yapen languages, which is the most Iikely.
174. AXE Ambai: tama, tama~; Serui-Laut: tama, tama~; Ansus: tama" ; Wandamen : tama; Biak: mgan; Waropen : mano, ma~gamusa.
175. CHAIR
a. Ambai: kadera; Serui-Laut: kadera; Mor: kadera; Waropen: kadera; Biak: kadera.
b. Ambai: kursi; Waropen : kursi.
c. Biak: karapesa.
d. Mor: sesen. The words under a. and b. are loan-words from Malay; that under c. from Tidorese.
176. LAMP Ambai, Serui-Laut, Biak, Wandamen, Waropen, Ron and Dusner all use the Molucca word padamara; Waropen also has pada.
177. TORCH, FIRE WOOD
a. Ambai: aimasa = fire wood; Wandamen: aymasa, aimyasa fire wood; mas = toreh; Waropen : ema = fire wood; Biak: amias = toreh, fire wood.
b. Serui-Laut: andiro = toreh; Ambai: anteroni = toreh.
c. Serui-Laut: aimo = fire wood; Biak: aimun, kaimun fire wood; Meoswar: aimun = fire wood.
d. Mor: ina = toreh.
e. Waropen: nara = toreh.
f. Irarutu: uro = toreh.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

g. Irarutu: utama = torch.
h. Biak: ambar = torch. Austronesian * sinaR is probably represented inthe word under
d., and **lulug* or *suluh = toreh, in that under f.
178. alL
a. Ansus: mani; Serui-Laut: ma.ni; Ambai: mani; Dusner: mani; Ron: mani; Biak: mani.
b. Waropen: masa. Although all the words under a. are probably of the same origin as the words for fat (cf. no. 27), they are never identical with it, which is remarkable considering the persistanee of their form. One would be inclined to regard this form as a recent loan word.
179. DRUM
a. Serui-Laut: pirotu; Wandamen : pandotu. These are probably both periphrases, meaning a thing th at sounds, as does the following Biak word.
b. Biak: t"oberok.
c. Biak: sirp, sadip; Wandamen : sadip.
d. Biak: nyebi.
e. Irarutu: rumo.

f. Waropen : siwa; Mor: tiwa.

CHALK
a. Serui-Laut: roa; Ambai: roa; Waropen : rosa = limestone.
b. Wandamen : kiru.
c. Biak: afdr; Ron: afer; Dusner: aper. The words under c. represent Austronesian *apur.

COMB
a. Ambai: u; Serui-Laut: u, wu; Wandamen : su, sur; Waropen : sura; Biak: asur.
b. Serui-Laut: ufati; Wandamen : up ai.
c. Serui-Laut: isi; Biak: asis.

PLANK
a. Serui-Laut: ofjka; Wandamen : wOfjkia; Biak: kankone.

YAPEN 59

b. Biak: ambaf;m; Waropen: fama. Austronesian **papan* is concealed m the words under b.
183. CARRYING BAG
a. Ambai: rota1'3; Serui-Laut: rotan; Ansus: rotat); Wand amen : rotan; Biak: nok;)n.
b. Biak: katomi; Waropen : kamoni.
c. Waropen : wusa; Mor: aramuta.
d. Waropen : finado.
e. Wandamen: deni.
f. Irarutu: kedyire.
g. Irarutu: doba.
184. IRON
a. Serui-Laut: i1'3karmoni; Biak: ma1'3garmom; Ron: ma1'3gormom.
b. Ambai: besi; Serui-Laut: besi; Mor: besi.
c. Waropen : nai (also knife, cf. no. 172).
d. Wandamen : pitarai; Dusner: rotarap. The words under b. have obviously been borrowed from Malay, and those under a. are probably also loan words. The words under d. are periphrases: the Wandamen word means literally thing-body, while the Dusner word probably has a corresponding meaning.
185. GOLD
a. Sertti-Lattt: barawan; Wandamen : brawen, barawen; Biak: braw;)n; Dusner: barawa; Ron: barawen.
b. Waropen: masi. The word under b. has obviously been borrowed from Malay.
186. SILVER
a. Serui-Laut: seraka; Wandamen : sarak; Biak: sarak; Waropen : sarako; Ron: sara.k.
b. Serui-Lattt: kua.
c. Dusner: robemeren.
187. GOODS, POSSESSIONS
a. Serui-Lattt: ra; Wandamen : rar.
b. Ambai: pibitoya.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

c. Biak: papus; Ron: papus.
d. Biak: robena; Ron: robena.
e. Wandamen: pigatJgena.

f. Waropen : asaserapi.

g. Dusner: robebar.
188. THING
a. Ambai: pi; Serui-Laut: fi; Wandamen: pi.
b. Waropen : a, ha.
c. Biak: bar.
d. Biak: 1'0; Ron: ro; Dusner: ro. The Biak word under c. may be regarded as representing Austronesian *ba[atJ.

189. BOW

a. Ambai: afay; Serui-Laut: afai; Meoswar: apai; Wandamen : apai; Irarutu: fae.

b. Ansus: ketJkOtJ.

c. Biak: marya.
d. Biak: sar~n.
e. Waropen: nana, kana.

f. Mor: arira.

g. Mor: baha. Austronesian *panah is probably concealed in the words under e.

190. GUN

a. Serui-Laut: pandaya; Wandamen : pandaya; Biak: pOOa, panda; Waropen : panda; Dusner: panda; Ron: pada.
b. Ambai: sinapa~. These are all loan words.

191. CANOE

a. Ansus: wa; Serui-Laut: wa; Ambai: wa; Wandamen: wa: Biak: wa, wai; Ron: wa; Dusner: wak; Waropen : wa, gha; Mor: wa$a.
b. Irarutu: dyu. Austronesian **batJka* can be recognised in the words under a. Austronesian *dyukutJ may be concealed in that under b.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 61

CANOE OUTRIGGER
a. Ambai: oma; Serui-Laut: omaJ'J; Ansus: woma'3; Wandamen : soma, soman; Waropen : somano.
b. Biak: adi; Meoswar: adi.
c. Biak: mandyaw.
192a. PIN (by which the float is fastened to the outrigger-boom)

a. Ambai: andereni; Serui-Laut: andere1J; Ansus: iendere'3; Wandamen : sendere; Waropen : raidere, ghaidere.
b. Biak: fakok.
193. RUDDER
a. Serui-Laut: pisuru; Wandamen : bebesuru.
b. Biak: rem bet.
c. Biak: remis.
d. Wandamen : aiduaru.
e. Waropen : ghapuri (lit. stern of canoe).
194. MAST
a. Serui-Laut: nandowai; Ansus: nandogwai; Wandamen: nandowai.
b. Waropen : raraibo.
c. Biak: padaren.
195. PADDLE
a. Ambai: bo; Serui-Laut: bo; Ansus: bo; Wand amen : bo, vo; Waropen : wo = to paddIe; Mor: bor; Biak: bor;Js, kabor~s.
b. Biak: yawe, yawei; Irarutu: eye, edye.
c. Biak: daum.
d. Waropen : nama.
196. NET
a. Serui-Laut: era, era'3; Ambai: eraf3; Ansus: era'3; Wandamen : sera, seran; Waropen: tara; Mor: ira'a; Biak: arsam.
b. Biak: pam; Ron: pam; Dusner: pam.
c. Irarutu: fukre.
d. Waropen : faiane. Austronesian **pubt* can be recognised in the word under c. The words under a. might derive from Austronesian *dyala.

Y APEN

197. GOOD

a. Serui-Laut: ben; Ansus: be, ben, byet); Woi: vibiet); Biak: bye; Ron: bye; Dusner: bye.
b. Ambai: den te, dentet); Wadapi-Laut: dente; Irarutu: der, dere.

c. Kurudu: sewi, sevi.

d. Ambai: mahikay.

e. Wabo: mia1Jgut).

f. Papuma: WOTa.

g. Pom: hanay.

h. Busami: wese1J.

j. M unggui: byora.
k. Dusner: tatu; Ron: kak u; Biak: kaku = real, true.
1. Mor: kaum, kauma.

m. Waropen : ro, roo.

n. Wandamen: aten.

o. Biak: pyum.

The diversity of these words is remarkably great. It is a common feature in New Guinea languages to have different words for good and beautiful in otherwise clearly related languages. This ean perhaps be eXplained from the affectively loaded eharaeter of these words and the quiek devaluation this brings about. Under k. there is a clear example of semantie shift.

198. BAD (of inferior quality)

a. Ambai: kerira; Serui-Laut: kararia; Wandamen : kariria.

b. Serui-Laut: kai; Waropen: ai.

Then there are also a number of words in Biak, Irarutu, and Waropen whieh show no eorrespondenee, either to eaeh other or to the words listed here. See also no. 199.

199. BAD (evil)

a. Busami: worowa (of inferior quality); Ron: warwer; Biak: babor, barbor.

b. Ambai: memuna; Serui-Laut: mamuna.

e. Wandamen : tatar; Dusner: tatur.

d. Biak: syawo.

e. Irarutu: fite.

f. Mor: tohaham.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 63

Regarding the great diversity of the words under nos. 198 and 199, compare my remark under no. 197.

LARGE, BIG
a. Kurudu: ba, kaba; Wadapi-Laut: fabai; Ambai: fyabai; Serui-Laut: baba; Ansus: baba; Woi: be ba; Papuma: be ba; Pom: veava; Munggui: baba; Dusner: vevua; Ron: bwa; Waropen : ba, bawa; Wandamen: baba; Biak: ba; Mor: maba.
b. Wabo: batu; Irarutu: nabad, nabade.
c. Mor: ema.
d. Mor: mes epai.

SMALL
a. Wadapi-Laut: ketui; Ambai: ketui, katui; Serui-Laut: kaitui; Wandamen : katu; Biak: kasun.

b. Kurudu: pokri.

c. Ansus: kumai; Waropen : kumara.
d. Ansus: meia; Papuma: meia.
e. Wabo: intiukeri. f .. Woi: mwma.
g. Pom: vehaho.
h. Busami: nane.

j. M unggui: byabava; Dusner: vevuava; Biak: baba.

(Literally, these words all mean: not big).

k. Dusner: ki.
1. Ron: moku.
m. Waropen : boma.
n. Irarutu: kokon.
o. Irarutu: kosi; Mor: S uti. See my remark concerning great diversity, under no. 197.
202. LONG
a. Wadapi-Laut: dewaroi; Ambai: dewroi; Serui-Laut: doroi; Woi: teroi; Pom: dyoroi; Waropen: doro; Wandamen : aroi; Irarutu: mararo.
b. Kurudu: kirwayna, kruain; Wabo: kiaway.
c. Ansus: tenimbay; Papuma: tenimbai; M unggui: tyanbai.
d. Dusner: sma.
e. Mor: manai.

YAPEN

f. Waropen : kapo.
g. Waropen: karabo.
h. Biak: kaki.
J. Biak: kwan; Ron: kwam.
203. MUCR, MANY
a. Papuma: purai; M unggui: purai; Wandamen: borei; Mor: bare'a; Ron: war; Dusner: bwor; Biak: bor; Waropen: jabo.
b. Wadapi-Laut: jau; Ambai: jau; Serui-Laut: jau; Busami: pau; Ansus: pau; W oi: pau; Wandamen: pau.
c. Kurudu: sabu, sabutui; Wabo: sabu; Wandamen : tabui; Biak: sbok, kbos = abundant.
d. Serui-Laut: jitau; Ansus: pitau; Pom: pitau; Wadapi-Laut: bitoya.
e. Irarutu: jusere.
f. I rarutu: mUYjgo; Waropen: mono.
g. Irarutu: masu.
h. Wandamen : bea; Waropen : beba.
J. Waropen : mua.
k. Waropen : wosa.
1. Mor: anwi. Again, a large diversity of words, and the same remark as under no. 197 is applicable.

204. FAST

a. Busami: mariro; Serui-Laut: mararlt; Wandamen : meraru; Waropen : rato; Irarutu: berare.
b. Ambai: ahera; Wandamen : saira.
c. Biak: sau, jasau.
d. Biak: samberen.
e. Irarutu: sasieta.

f. Waropen : dura, dudura.

g. Mor: hebu.
205. CLEAN
a. Serui-Laut: borareba.
b. Biak: sren; Dusner: sren; Ron: sren.
c. Waropen : popono.
d. Mor: amatiti.

IN YAPEN 65

DIRTY
a. Serui-Laut: kararia; Wandamen: rariai; Mor: werira ~ a; Dusner: nr.
b. Kurudu: pisasa; Irarutu: fise.
c. Biak: mamas; Ron: mamas. Biak has an additional number of words, which do not correspond. Several of the words listed here also mean ugly, bad; cf. nos. 198 and 199.

207. BLUNT

a. Ambai: re-habu; Wandamen: kabur; Waropen : kafuko; Biak: kober.
b. Biak: dip.
c. Biak: pup.
d. Biak: kbas.
e. Biak: few; Kurudu: pui. I am not wholly certain about the Kurudu word pui, under e., and am also doubtful whether it is a cognate of Biak tew.

208. NEW

a. Kurudu: woru, wiworu; Wabo: wiowore; Wadapi-Laut: we- woru; Ambai: vevortt; Serui-Laut: vavoru; Ansus: vevoru; Pom: vivoru; Papuma: vevoru; W oi: vevoru; Munggui: baboru; Wandamen : baboru; Dusner: vavou, vavwou; Ron: babio; Biak: babo; Waropen: boa, woa; Mor: beha~u.
b. Irarutu: bunate.
c. Mor: ahudyo. The words under a. represent Austronesian **baRu, b;JRu, **bahaRu.*
209. HOT
a. Pom: mas; Wandamen : mas; Ron: sam; Biak: sam.
b. Serui-Laut: doraroi; Wabo: marare; Kurudu: mrar, mndar; Biak: dares.
c. Wadapi-Laut: manifjkapoi; Ambai: manifjkaponi, manifjkapoi; Serui-Laut: mUfjkakopi; Ansus: mefjkakopi; Munggui: mafjka- koipi; Papuma: mafjkakapi.
d. Woi: miafj.
e. Munggui: worpesio.
f. Dusner: .nsor. Verh. dl. XXXV

SITUATION IN YAPEN

g. Mor: nanati.
h. Waropen : ara (espec. of the sun).
j. Waropen : siko.
k. Waropen : wokako.
l. Wandamen : ryata (espec. of the sun); Biak: ryas (id.).
m. Irarutu: win, wine.
210. COLD
a. Woi: periman; Pom: pirima; Ron: perin; Biak: primo
b. Serui-Laut: dea; Ansus: dea; Papuma: dea; Wandamen : riesa.
c. Wadapi-Laut: denunana; Ambai: denunan, denu'3nana; Munggui: yananan; Wandamen: anuanu, anuana.
d. Ambai: kararutu; Serui-Laut: kararutu; Mor: araro.
e. Kurudu: tetei; Wabo: te te ei.
f. Biak: pnunek.
g. Biak: bruk.
h. Irarutu: rid"Jn, rind;m, rid'dn'd.
j. Wandamen : rewas.
k. Wandamen : patiti.
1. Waropen : fefe.
m. Mor: venina.
n. Dusner: ropar.
211. DRY
a. Serui-Laut: meama; Irarutu: mama, mamwa.
b. Serui-Laut: senaya, senaya'3; Ansus: enaya; Woi: henaya; Papuma: senaya; Pom: Itinaya; Wandamen: sinaya.
c. Kurudu: sresre; Wabo: sere; Wadapi-Laut: sirahia; Ambai: sirahaya, sirahiaya.
d. Kurudu: udadoa.
e. Ambai: memata.

f. Munggui: kiare.

g. Munggui: piandai; Wandamen : parar.
h. Biak: syor; Ron: syor.

J. Waropen : dako.

k. Waropen : fono.
l. Mor: maruati.
m. Dusner: rimrak.
n. Dusner: yakem.
o. Ron: mias; Biak: miais; Wandamen: miasa.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 67

The words under g. possibly represent Austronesian pala, and that under f. Austronesian *keRifJ.

SATIATED
a. Wadapi-Laut: momosi; Ambai: mamoi, mamose; Serui-Laut: mamoi; Ansus: emoi; Papuma: moi; W oi: mwohi; M unggui : mohi, mosir; Wandamen : mosi, mosir.
b. Kurudu: windi; Waropen : ndia, nidia.
c. Kurudu: vavri.
d. Wabo: uatodo.
e. Pom: horare.

f. Mor: sinehitana.

g. Irarutu: ftage, af tag, aftafJge.
h. Biak: pok; Meoswar: ipok; Dusner: pios.

j. Biak: arbor, karbor.

BLACK
a. Kurudu: mometr, mometra; Wadapi-Laut: nyumeta; Ambai: numetafJ; Serui-Laut: numeta, numetafJ, imetra; Ansus: mietafJ; Munggui: metan; Pom: meta; Papuma: mietafJ; Woi: nietan; Wandamen : meta, metan; Ron: mekem.
b. Wabo: mentempoisi.
c. Biak: paisam.
d. Irarutu: grmutn.
e. Wandamen : kumar.

f. War open : meno.

g. Mor: buati.
h. Dusner: ropor. In the words under a., Austronesian **itam,* fused together with a prefixed element (ma-), is to be found. One would like to derive Biak paisJm from this word, but there is the difficulty that the same t has become a k in Ron and an s in the Numfor-Biak dialects.
214. WHITE
a. Wadapi-Laut: buwa; Ambai: bua; Serui-Laut: bua; Ansus: bua; Papuma: bua; Pom: buha; Munggui: buha; Mor: behuta; Wandamen : busa; Irarutu: bJvuta.
b. Kurudu: kinaupopra; Wabo: kanapopen; Ron: pioper; Biak: pyopar.

TUE UNGUISTIC SITU .... TION IN YAPEN

The Kurudu and Wabo words should he regarded as compounds, the first elements of which recurs in the words under c.

c. Kurudu: knau, kinau; Wabo: kanapopen; Serui-Laut: kinau.
d. Woi: wekaduy.
e. Dusner: mankap.
f. Waropen: fako, fasi.
g. Wandamen: mamara.
215. RED
a. Munggui: marai; Papuma: merai; Ansus: merai; Serui-Laut: marai; Wandamen: mirai; Mor: marari; Ron: barai.
b. Kurudu: knon, kinuna; Wabo: konut).
c. Ambai: berika (rika = blood); Wadapi-Laut: berika (rika blood); Woi: ria (also means blood); Biak: rik (also blood), fanandik.
d. Pom: mirou.
e. Irarutu: wam~se, wames (also blood).
f. Wandamen: besiat)gona.
g. Wandamen : urar; Waropen: rewaro; Dusner: marpro. The words under a. can all be regarded as having evolved from an older form ma-rari, the stem of which derives from Austronesian **daRah.* The use of the word for blood, with or without an affix, for red, is a common characteristic of New Guinea languages; see also the words under c. and e. We suspect that the words under g. mayalso contain Austronesian *daRah, but they have apparently deve10ped along a different course.
216. YELLOW
a. Serui-Laut: kau; Ansus: kerawi; Munggui: kyarawi; Pom: kirawi; Papuma: kerau.
b. Wadapi-Laut: biomini; Ambai: bominit); Serui-Laut: bomanit).
c. Kurudu: vevr, vevra.
d. Ambai: byowat).

e. Wabo: minisuareni.

f. Woi: wiowotai.
g. Dusner: manines.
h. Ron: rofun.
j. Mor: verereu.
k. Wandamen : nekwai; Dusner: nifjguai (also curcuma); Waropen :

IN YAPEN 69

niko, niniko.

Wandamen: natjgunai; Mor: berafljguna; Ron: atjguni (also curcuma).
m. Irarutu: taf, taf;}.
n. Biak: naniar. Words representing Austronesian *kuni" are probably to he found both under k. and under 1.

GREEN
a. Kurudu: kikesa; Wabo: kiekeso; Wadapi-Laut: kehe; Ambai: kehe; Serui-Laut: kiay; Ansus: mekae; Munggui: myakai; Papuma: mekai; Pom: mikai; Woi: keke; Wandamen: kake; Waropen : kakeno.
b. Biak: rumek; Ron: rumek; Dusner: rumet.
c. Wandamen : papiat.
d. Irarutu: fljfo, "gfo.
e. Irarutu: mamat;}; Waropen: makako; Mor: mas amasi. Austronesian **matah* (also *m;}ntah), unripe, can he recognised in the words under e.

ENOUGH
a. Ansus: maito; Serui-Laut: mai(-)to, maisato; Wandamen : masis.
h. Biak: mnis; Waropen : momoni.
c. Irarutu: bargene.
d. Mor: surebo.
e. Ambai: ka'Wuruto.

NIGHT
a. Papuma: rovi; Pom: rooi; M unggui: robi; Biak: rob; Ron: rob; Dusner: rob; Wandamen (ravi). The Wandamen word does not occur hy itseIf, but only in expressions, such as ravini- yesterday, and ravinena- afternooll.
b. Wadapi-Laut: diru; Ambai: diru; Serui-Laut: Ansus: diru; Woi: tiuru; Wandamen : diru.
c. Irarutu: gisie.
d. Irarutu: g;}nite.
e. Waropen: rana, yana.

f. Mor: baraJa.

g. Kurudu: rorm, rorma; Wabo: ror:en. In the words under a. Austronesian * Rabi can be recognised;

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

those under e. probably represent Austronesian **al;Jm, mal;Jm, and the words under g. can probably be derived from Austronesian *l;Jm[;Jm- dark.

TOMORROW
a. Kurudu: samaoma; Serui-Laut: ama; Ambai: hamamini; Pom: hambiri; Busami: ambawiri.
b. Serui-Laut: awori.
c. Papuma: rea ka.
d. Dusner: meskina.
e. Waropen : saieka.
f. Wandamen : kausapa.
g. Irarutu: rora, rore; Ron: torek.
h. Biak: meser (also day); Wandamen : sar, sasar (also day).
j. Mor: mera. The common element sama of the words under a. could be a metathesized variant of masar, or meser, found under h., but it is impossible to establish this. Nor is it possible to establish whether the Mor word under j. has anything to do with the Biak word under h.

DA Y AFTER TOMORROW
a. Serui-Laut: afiea; Biak: snefias, meserfias (meser day, tomorrow).
b. Wandamen : sarea; Waropen : saiwea, saighe.
c. Wandamen : kausapaja.
d. Biak: meserwendi (wendi, wer = once more).

222. YEAR

a. Serui-Laut: foina; Ambai: fuyna.
b. Serui-Laut: awaru.
c. Waropen : ghea.
d. Wa ropen : iamosi.
e. Biak: taun. The Biak word has obviously been borrowed from Malay.
223. PRESENTLY
a. Serui-Laut: aisuara; Wandamen : katuerina.
b. Biak: nari, neri, ineri, inari; Ron: inari. In addition, a number of Biak, Wandamen, Waropen and

SITUATION IN YAPEN 71

Dusner words were noted which showed no correspondence either to each other or to the words 1isted here.

A MOMENT AGO
a. Busami: renine; Wandamen : erine.
b. Serui-Laut: aitota.
c. Biak: knikirine, knikuri.
d. Wandamen : katuena, tokatu.
e. Waropen : nemani.
f. Biak: insandi.

ALREADY
a. Serui-Laut: to; Wand amen : to.
b. Biak: kwar (also means oId, especially of abjects); Wandamen : tawa, tawar = oId; Serui-Laut: tava = aId; Ambai: tewa = aId; Irarutu: tuena = old; Waropen : garo = aId.

AND
a. Serui-Laut: ma; Wandamen : ma; Biak: ma; Ron: ma; Dusner: ma.
b. Waropen: wea, iwa.
c. Irarutu: ner, nere.

ALSO
a. Serui-Laut: konta, konti; Wandamen : kota, kote.
b. Serui-Laut: kono.
c. Biak: kako.

IN, ON, AT
a. Ambai: na; Serui-Laut: na; Wandamen : na; Waropen: na.
b. Wand amen : be = to, bem; Warapen : we.
C. Wand amen : raro; Biak: raro = t~.
d. Biak: ro (also means from); Dusner: ra (= from); Ron: ra (= from).

TOW ARDS
a. Serui-Laut: to; Biak: rara; Ron: rara.
b. Wandamen: sosa.
C. Wandamen : maso; Waropen: maha, ma. Cf. also the words under no. 228.

YAPEN

TO, FOR
a. Serui-Laut: bu; Wandamen : be; Waropen : we; Ron: be; Dusner: be; Biak: beo
b. Wandamen : maso.
c. Biak: sn ar.
d. Biak: faro, maro; Dusner: paro; Ron: fa.
e. Dusner: rine. It is not at all certain whether the Serui-Laut word corresponds to the other words under a.

FIRST
a. Serui-Laut: retena; Wandamen : retenan.
b. Serui-Laut: vefafon; Wandamen : papon, bepapon; Biak: bepon, pon; Ron: pon.

ONE
a. Ambai: bo-iri, bo-siri; Serui-Laut: bo-iri, bo-siri; Papuma: bo-iri; W adapi-Laut: bo-siri; Busami: bo-siri; M unggui: bo- hiri, bo-iri; Ansus: ko-iri; W oi: ko-risi; Pom: ko-risi; Marau: ko-siri; Wandamen: siri; Waropen: wosi.
b. Kurudu: bo-sandi; Wabo: bo-sandi.
c. Irarutu: eso; Biak: sai (only in counting); Mor: tata.
d. Biak: oser; Ron: yoser; Dusner: yoser. When grouping these words, I took siri etc. as the essential element of the words under a., for the preceding elements bo- and *ko-*also occur in other numerals (see below), and bo occurs in the words under b. Moreover, the two parts of these words appear to be not inseparable; compare, for instance, man-iri, man-siri in Serui-Laut, for persons (cf. nati in Waropen for living beings). One would be inclined to resolve Biak oser (under d.) into the constituents 0 and ser; 0 then represents wo, or, more probably, ko. But in that case the initial sound of the Ron, and Dusner, word yoser remains inexplicabIe. For this reason it is advisable for the time being to keep these words separate from those listed under a. The words under c. c1early represent Austronesian **sa, ;}sa.

TWO
a. Kurudu, Wabo, Wadapi-Laut, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Papuma,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 73

Busami and M unggui: bo-ru; Ansus: ko-du; W oi: ko-ru; Pom: ko-iru; Marau: ko-iru; Wandamen : monu, mondu, muandu; Waropen : 'woru; Irarutu: ru, rue; Biak: du, dui.

b. Irarutu: rifo.
c. Biak: suru; Dusner: suru.
d. Mor: ruru; Dusner: nuru; Ron: nuru. For the elements *bo-*and ko-, see under no. 232. lt should also be noted that the Waropen word woru is used only for inanimate objects, nandu being the numeral for living beings; that Serui-Laut has mandu, beside boru. The elements du and ru in the words under a., c. and d. represent Austronesian **duwa.*
234. THREE Kurudu, Wadapi-Laut, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Papuma, Busami and M unggui all have bo-toru; Wabo: bo-to; Ansus, Woi, Pom, Marau and Wandamen : toru; Dusner: tori, toru; Irarutu: tor, toru, tur, tur;J; Ron: kor; Biak: kior; Waropen : oro; Mor: oro. lt should be noted again that Waropen has a separate form for living beings: nafjgoro, and that in Serui-Laut the form man-toru was recorded for persons.. A remarkable feature is that the languages which have the element *bo-*in their words for one and two ,also have it in three and the subsequent numerals, whereas those languages which have *ko-*in the words for one and two, do not have it in the subsequent numerals. Austronesian *t~lu forms the basis of all the words listed here.
235. FOUR
a. Kurudu: bo-at; Wabo: bo-ate; Wadapi-Laut: bo-a; Ambai: bo-a; Serui-Laut: bo-a, man-a; Busami: bo-a; Ansus: man-wa; Woi: muan-a; Papuma: bo-a; Munggui: bo-ati; Marau: ati; Pom: at; Wandamen : at, ate; Dusner: ati, pati; Ron: fak, fiak; Biak: fiak; Waropen: ako; Mor: 5 a'0.
b. Irarutu: gegete, gegite. The words under a. represent Austronesian *(~m)pat.
236. FIVE
a. Kurudu: bo-ve-rim; Wabo: uerifj; Wadapi-Laut: rin, re; Ambai: ri, ri,,; Serui-Laut: ri, rifj; Busami: rifj; Munggui: bo-rint, bo-rin; Marau: ri, rifj; Ansus: ri, rifj; Pom: rin; Papuma:

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

bo-rifj; W oi: din; Dusner: rinf.-bi; Ron: rim; Biak: rim; Wandamen: rim; Waropen: rimo; Mor: rimo.

b. Irarutu: refwe. Austronesian **lima* ean he recognised clearly in the words under a. Whether this also applies to Irarutu refwe, is impossible to say without further analysis. As it is, this word diverges suffieiently from the others to plaee it in a separate group.
237. SIX Ansus: wona, wonafj; Ambai: wona; Wabo: we-one; Woi: wona; Papuma: bo-ona; Pom: WOM; Wadapi-Laut: wona; Marau: wona, wonan; Munggui: wonan, bo-wonan; Ron: onem, wonem; Biak: on~m, won;)m; Waropen : wono, ghono. Austronesian *~n;)m is eoneealed in all these words. In Wandamen, Mor, Kurudu, Serui-Laut, Busami, Dusner and Irarutu combinations of the words for five and one are used, and in Waropen sueh a combination, as well as the separate word listed here, are used.
238. SEVEN Ansus, Ambai, Woi, Pom, Wadapi-Laut and Marau: itu; Wabo: w-itu; Papuma: bo-itu; Munggui: bo-itu, itu; Waropen : iko; Biak: fik; Ron: fik. These words all represent Austronesian *pitu. Kurudu, Serui-Laut, Busami, Dusner, Wandamen, Irarutu and Mor use eompounds, meaning five plus two. Sueh a compound is also used in Waropen, in addition to the word listed here.
239. EIGHT Wabo: we-wa; Woi: waru; Pom: waru; Marau: waru; Munggui: bo-waru, waru; Ron: war; Biak: war; Waropen : waro, gharo. Austronesian *walu ean he found in all these words. Wandamen, Irarutu, Mor, Kurudu, Ansus, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Papuma, Wadapi-Laut, Busami and Dusner use eompounds, meaning five plus three. Waropen again has sueh a compound as weU as the simple numeraI, listed here. Of the languages whieh use eompounds for eight and nine, Ansus, Ambai, Papuma and Wadapi-Laut show the remarkable feature of having separate words for six and seven.

YAPEN 75

NINE Wabo: we-si; Woi: siu; Pom: siu; Marau: siw; Munggui: siu, bo-hiun; Ron: siw; Biak: siw; Waropen : siwi, sigh. These words all represent Austronesian *siwa. Kurudu, Wandamen, Ansus, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Papuma, Wadapi-Laut, Busami, Dusner, Irarutu, Mor and Waropen have compounds, meaning five plus four; Waropen again has such a compound as weil as the simple numeral, listed here.

TEN
a. Kurudu: sur; Wabo: sure; Wadapi-Laut: sura; Ambai: sura; Serui-Laut: sura; Busami: sura; Ansus: ura, hura; Woi: hura; Papuma: bo-ura; Pom: haura; Marau: haura; M unggui: sattra, bo-hattra; Wandamen : sura; Mor: taura; Waropen : saguro, sa1jguro, sauro; Dusner: sampur; Ron: safur; Biak: samfur.
b. Irarutu: fradaru. The words under a. all contain Austronesian **puluh,* ten, with the prefix sa-, meaning one. The Irarutu word in fact means two hands, i.e. two times fiye, in keeping with its quinary system.

TWENTY
a. Ambai, Serui-Laut, Busami, Ansus, Munggui, Marau, Papuma and Pom: piarei; Woi: piarehi.
b. Kurudu: pasinomansande; Wabo: piasino.
c. Dusner: ars; Ron: ares; Waropen : asatio (asa = a score).
d. Biak: samfur-di-suru = ten times two.
e. Irarutu, Wandamen, Mor and Waropen have expressions, meaning one person, for twenty. Waropen has such an expression (nufjgu-natio) in addition to a 'real' numeral, Iisted here under c. Biak is the only language which does not have a separate word or special expression for twenty, but consistently follows its decimal system.

A HUNDRED Biak, Wandamen, Ron and Dusner: !ltin; Ansus: otin. Biak is probably the language to which this word really belongs and from which the other languages have borrowed it. lts origin probably lies in Austronesian * Ratus, with a suffixed element *-en.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Kurudu, Wabo, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Woi, Mor, Waropen and Irarutu employ expressions meaning 5 times twenty (or 5 people). In Wandamen and Ansus such expressions are found besides the words listed above.

A THOUSAND Biak: syaran; Wandamen: siaran. Periphrases were recorded for Waropen: nut3gu sauro be-rimo (person ten times five), and Serui-Laut: pia-sura-be-rin (score- ten times five).

245. I

Kurudu: aya; Wabo: ayae; Wadapi-Laut: dyau; Ambai: dyau, yau; Serui-Laut: yau; Ansus: yau; Munggui: yau; Marau: iau; Pom: iau; Papuma: iau; W oi: yau; Wandamen: yau; Dusner: ya; Ron: :ya; Waropen : ya, ra; Irarutu: ya, dya; Biak: aya; Mor: iwa, igwa. Although these words are obviously mutually related, they cannot, as such, be reduced to (Dempwolff's) Austronesian **aku;* one would rather be inclined to assume a basic pattern *ia(-ku). In passing we may note that words for I with an initial i also occur elsewhere in the Austronesian language area.

YOU (singular) Woi, Pom, Papuma, Marau, Munggui, Dusner, Ron, Wandamen and Biak: au; Kurudu: awa, awawa; Wabo: awawi; Wadapi-Laut: wau; Ambai: wau; Serui-Laut: awawa, wau; Ansus: au, wau; Waropen : auo; Mor: awa, agwa; Irarutu: o. Although mutual relationships between these words can be assumed, they eannot all be derived as sueh from an Austronesian word *kaw.

247. HE

Kurudu, Wabo, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Ansus, Woi, Papuma, Pom, Marau, Munggui, Dusner, Wandamen, Waropen, Mor, Biak and Irarutu: i. In Ron tia was recorded, but it is not at all certain whether this is correct. Austronesian *iya can be recognised in i.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 77

WE (inclusive)
a. Wadapi-Laut, Ambai, Serui-Laut, Ansus and Wandamen : tata.
b. Kurudu: net, neta; Wabo: nente.
c. Papuma: tantoru; Pom: tatoru.
d. harutu: it; Mor: iSa.
e. Biak: ko; Waropen: iko. Ultimately, these forms probably all derive from Austronesian *kita, although this correspondence is not too clear in the words under b. The words under c. can be regarded as originally trial forms (i.e. we three).

WE (exclusive)
a. Kurudu: nami, name; Wadapi-Laut: mea; Ambai: amea; Serui-Laut: ama; Ansus: ama; W oi: ama; Wandamen : amat; Mor: ama; Waropen : ami, amo; Irarutu: ami.
b. Biak: '!Jgo, i'!Jgo.
c. Munggui, Marau, Pom and Papuma: antoru. Austronesian *kami can be recognised most easily in the words un,der a" and less clearly in those under b. The words under c. were originally trial forms (cf. no. 248 c.).

YOU (plural)
a. Kurudu: ame, amia; Wabo: amiti; Wadapi-Laut: amea; Ambai: mea; Semi-Laut: ma; Ansus: mia; Woi: mia; Wandamen : tnwt.
b. Papuma: mintoru; Pom: mintoru; Marau: mintoru; Munggui: min tori.
c. Waropen : mu; Mor: amu.
d. Biak: mko; Ron: mokon; Dusner: moto.
e. Irarutu: ee. Austronesian *kamu can be recognised clearly only in the words under c. The words under b. can only be eXplained as having been originally trial forms.

THEY
a. Kurudu: ISJ, uw; Wabo: isi; Wadapi-Laut: miesiri; Ambai: ea; Serui-Laut: sa; Ansus: ia; Woi: hia; Wandamen: si (and siat, especially for living beings); Waropen: ki; Mor: ti; Biak:

SITUATION IN Y APEN

si (but na for inanimate objects); Ron: si; Dusner: sii; lrarutu: ire.

b. Papuma: soru; Pom: tioru; Marau: hioru. Austronesian '" silJa can be recognised in all these words. Under b. we again find forms which must originally have been trials.
252. WE TWO (inc1usive)
a. Kurudu: itru; Serui-Laut: taru; Ambai: turu; Ansus: toru; Waropen : tanu, tandu, nanu, nandu; Mor: aru; Irarutu: iterivu, iytru.
b. Biak: ku; Ron: kun.
c. Waropen : didi, didiko.
d. Waropen : si. It is possible to distinguish in the words under a. a pronominal element and an element **du* or *ru, representing the numeral two.
253. WE TWO (exc1usive)
a. Kurudu: numdu; Ambai: auru; Serui-Laut: andu; Ansus: auru; Woi: aru; Mor: aru, mart4; Wandamen: amu, amun; Irarutu: amru, amrivu.
b. Biak: nu; Ron: nun.
c. Waropen : asi. The situation here is exactly analogous to that in no. 252.
254. YOU TWO
a. Kurudu: numdu; Ansus: muru; Ambai: muru; Serui-Laut: maru; Woi: maru; Mor: muru; Wandamen : manu, mandu; Irarutu: eru, erivu.
b. Biak: mu; Ron: mun.
c. Waropen : misi, minisi. Cf. my remark under no. 252.
255. THE TWO OF TREM
a. Kurudu: isru; Serui-Laut: saru; Woi: haru; Ambai: uru; Ansus: uru; Mor: turu, tiru; Wandamen : sanu, sandu; Dusner: susuru; Irarutu: iraru, ireriw.
b. Biak: su; Ron: sun.
c. Waropen : kisi, kinisi. Cf. my remark under no. no. 252.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 79

WE TH REE (inclusive)
a. Ambai: totoru; Semi-Laut: totoru; Ansus: totoru; Wandamen : tatoru.
b. Waropen : koiso. The element *toyu) meaning three, forms part ot fhe words under a. We have already come across several pronouns which must originally have been trial forms, under nos. 252 to 255.

WE THREE (exclusive)
a. Ambai: antoru; Semi-Laut: antoru; Ansus: antoru; Woi: mambetoru; Wandamen : amatoru.
b. Waropen : atJgoiso. Cf. my remark under no. 256.

YOU THREE
a. Ambai: muntoru) montoru; Serui-Laut: mintoru; Ansus: men-toru; W oi: membetoru; Wandamen: metoru.
b. Waropen : mitJgoiso. Cf. my remark under no. 256.

THE TRREE OF TREM
a. Ambai: itoru; Semi-Laut: itoru; Ansus: itoru; Woi: nembe- toru; Wandamen : setoru; Dusner: su tori.

b. Biak: sko.

c. Waropen : kikoiso. Cf. my remark under no. 256. Biak sko forms an isolated case, for the trial form has no other place in the Biak linguistic system. There are in fact Biak dialects in which sko is not used exclusively for the trial, but also for the plural. In this context it should also be noted that for Dusner, trial and dual forms were recorded only for the third person. But since, in this respect, nothing else is known about this language, it is impossible to say with any certainty whether these are isolated cases, not only of the trial, but also of the dual.

TIIE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

In the enumeration of instances of correspondence and disagreement, given below, no absolute value should be ascribed to the results. I do not intend to apply lexico-statistics, in the manner used in order to obtain precise historical information. I have used numbers merely to elicit degrees of synchronous mutual relationship. These results have only relative value and no more than this ean justifiably be extracted from the material -indeed, nothing more is possible. I have enumerated the instances of correspondence and disagreement separateIy. When a word in one language corresponds to a word in another language, and the latter has an additional word for the same concept, the case is noted as an instance of correspondence, and the disagreement in the second word is not taken into account. For, in principle, I have sought to find the number of instances of correspondence out of the total number of words available for comparison. Similarly, when two languages each have two different words which agree, two by two, these are reckoned as two instances of correspondence. I have not included in the enumerations words which had certainly, or most probably, been borrowed, either from outside or mutuaIly. This concerns numbers 81, 166, 173, 175, 176, 184 and 190 of the comparative word-list. No. 56 (to write) has been omitted, for writing appears to be a new concept, and various words, already in existence in these languages, were given this meaning and then used in a different way. I have omitted no. 69 from the calculations, for in these words (brother-in-law, sister-in-law), differences in meaning may he very significant and it is impossible to state which of the words are in fact comparable, without previous, intensive research into kinship structure. The Ron word under no. 247 has not been included because its correct- ness is not heyond dispute. Here foIIows the list of in stances of mutual correspondence and disagreement and their totals, to document my calculations. In order to avoid having to give the actual words in extenso again, they are referred to by the numhers and letters under which they are mentioned in the word-list.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 81

WOl-POM. Instances of correspondence: la. 2, 4b, 5b, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 36b, 37c, 42a, 44a, 50a, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 98a, 103a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 200a, 202a, 208a, 210a, 211b, 213a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 70 in stances. Instances of disagreement : 3, 6, 24, 38, 39, 40, 45, 72, 88, 92, 93, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 197, 201, 203, 209, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 249, 250,

Total: 30 instances.

WOl-MARAU. Instances of correspondence: la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a. 14Oa, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a, 245, 246,

Tota!: 26 instances. Instances of disagreement : 72, 156, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 5 instances.

WOl-ANSUS. Instances of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, 5b, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 36b, 37c, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, SOa, S7a, 63a, 64b, 6Sa, 72a, 73a, 74a, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 13Sa, 139a, 14Oa, 143a, 144c, 145b, 156a, 157a, 15Sa, 197a, 200a, 203b, 208a. 211b, 212a, 213a, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 24S, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 2S3a, 2S4a, 2SSa, 2S7a, 2S8a, 2S9a. Tota!: 88 instances. Instances of disagreement : 4, 33, 38, 88, 92, 93, 98, 103, 136, 141, 201, 202, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 239, 240, 250. Tota!: 20 instances.

WOl-PAPUMA. Instances of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, 5b, 6a, 7a, Sa, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 3S, 36b, 37c, 39a, 42a, 44a, 4Sb, SOa, S7a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 140a, 144c, 145b, lS7a, 158a, 200a, 208a, 211b, 212a, 213a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 71 in stances. Instances of disagreement : 4, 21, 38, 40, 72, 88, 92, 93, 98, 103, 135, 136, 141, IS6, 197, Verh. dl. XXXV

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 219, 239, 240, 249, 250,

Total: 29 instanees.

WOl-MUNGGUI. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 37c, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a, l04a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 15Sa, 200a, 208a, 212a, 231a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 65 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 21, 24, 36, 38, 39, 40, 50, 72, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 128, 135, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 219, 249, 250. Total: 35 instanees.

WOl-BUSAMI. Instanees of correspondence: 30a, 33a, 35, 42a, 129a, 134a, 203b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a. 241a, 242a. Total: 14 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 36, 128, 156, 197, 201, 237, 238, 239, 240. Total: 9 instanees.

WOl-SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d. 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 37c, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, sOa, S7a, 63a, 64b, 6Sa, 72a, 74b, 89a, 93d, 94b, 96a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 13Sa, 139a, 14Oa' 144c. 14Sb, IS6a, IS8a, 197a, 200a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 21lb, 212a, 213a, 217a, 219b,232a,233a,234,23Sa, 236a, 241a, 242a, 24S, 246, 247, 249a, 2S0a, 2S1a, 2S3a, 2S4a, 2S5a, 2S7a, 2S8a, 2S9a. Total: 85 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 4, 36, 38, 73, 88, 92, 97, 98, 103, 136, 141, 143, IS7, 201, 209, 210, 214, 21S, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240. Total: 23 instanees.

WOl-AMBAI. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, ISa, 16, 20a, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 3S, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, SOa, S7a, 63a, 64b, 6Sa, 74b, 89a, 93d, 94b, 96a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa' 14Sb, IS6a, IS8a, 200a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 212a, 213a, 21Sc, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 23Sa, 236a. 237, 238, 241a,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN Y APEN 83

242a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a, 257a, 258a, 259a. Total: 75 instances. Instanees of disagreement : 4, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 38, 45, 72, 73, 88, 92, 98, 103, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 157, 197, 201, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 239, 240. Total: 30 instanees.

Wal-WADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, sOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 74b, 89a, 93d, 94b, 96a, 97a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 156a, 15Ba, 200a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 212a, 215c, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 249a, 250a, 251a. Total: 67 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 38, 45, 72, 73, 88, 92, 98, 103, 104, 135, 141, 143, 144, 157, 197, 201, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 239,

Tota!: 31 instanees.

Wal-W ABO. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 134a, 143a, 158a, 20Ba, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Total: 49 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 50, 57, 64, 72, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 156, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 239, 242. Tota!: 51 instanees.

Wal-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 21d, 26a, Va, 28, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a, l04a, 128a, 134a, 140a, 141c, 143a, 156a, 200a, 208a, 213a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255. Tota!: 52 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 12, 14, 20, 24, 25, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 144,

YAPEN

145, 157, 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237,238,239,242. Tota!: 53 instanees.

WOl-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 24a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 72a, 73a, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 98a, 103a, l04a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 135a, 139a, 14Oa, 141c, 145b, 156a, 157a, 158a, 200a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 211b, 212a, 213a, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a,234,235a,236a,241a,245,246,247,249a,250a,25Ia,253a, 254a, 255a, 257a, 258a, 259a. Tota!: 81 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 4, 21, 25, 33, 36, 38, 50, 74, 88, 92, 128, 136, 144, 197, 201, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242. Total: 25 instanees.

WOl-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 35, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 144c, 145b, 157a, I 97a, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a, 259a. Tota!: 32 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 74,88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 156, 158, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250. Total: 70 instanees.

WOl-RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 6a, 7a, Ba, 15a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 1 34a, 14Oa, 145b, 197a, 200a, 208a, 210a, 213a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 30 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 4, 5, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 57, 64, 72, 88, 89, 98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 156, 158, 201, 202, 203, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 242, 243, 250, 253, 254, 255. Tota!: 48 instanees.

WOl-MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 97a. Tota!: 2 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 92, 140, 141, 212. Tota!: 5 instanees.

YAPEN 85

WOl-BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 25a, 30a, 32a, 35, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 96a, 97a, 139a, 143a, 145b, 197a, 200a, 208a, 210a, 215c, 233a, 234, 235a, 2300, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 38 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36,

37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98,

103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157,

158, 201, 202, 203, 209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 232,

242, 243, 249, 250, 253, 254, 255, 259. Total: 69 instanees.
17. WOl-WAROPEN. lnstances of correspondence: 2, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 42a, 44a, 45b, SOa, 63a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 141c, 145b, 158a, 200a, 202a, 208a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a. Total: 47 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,

57, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 104, 127, 128, 129,

135, 140, 143, 144, 156, 157, 197, 201, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212,

213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 242, 250, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259.

Total: 61 instanees.

WOl-MOR. lnstances of correspondence: 2, 3a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 35, 37c, 44a, 64b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 37 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28. 29, 32, 33, 36. 38, 39, 40,

42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92. 93, 94, 98, 103, 104,

127, 128, 129, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 158, 197, 202,

203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233,

237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 250. Total: 66 instanees.
19. WOl-lRARUTU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 29a, 30a, 35, 64b,65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 98a, 103a,

SITUATION IN YAPEN

128a, 134a, 14Oa,202a,233a,234,245,246,247,249a.251a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota}: 29 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 104, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 250. Tota}: 75 instanees.

POM -MARAU. Instanees of correspondence: la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 72e, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a. 139a, 14Oa, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234,235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a. 245, 246, 247, 250b, 251b. Tota}: 30 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : not found.

POM-ANSUS. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 36b, 37c, 38a, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 73a, 74b, 89a, 92a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 14Oa, 141d, 145b, 157d, 159b, 200a, 203d, 208a, 211b, 213a, 214a, 216a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245,246,247. Tota}: 73 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 24, 33, 39, 40, 45, 72, 88, 93, 98, 103, 104, 135. 143, 144, 156, 197, 201, 202, 209, 210, 212, 215, 219, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 251. Total: 31 instanees.

POM -P APUMA. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 36b, 37c, 38a, 4Ob, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 72a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 92a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 103, 127a, 12Ba, 129a, 134a, 135b, 136a, 139a, 140a, 141d, 145b, 156b, 157d, 159b, 200a, 208a, 211b, 213a, 214a, 216a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247,24&, 249c, 250b, 251b. Total: 81 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 21, 24, 39, 45, 88, 93, 98, 104, 144, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 212, 215, 220, 239, 240. Tota}: 23 instanees.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 87

POM -MUNGGUI. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, Sb, 7a, Sa, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a 35, 37c, 38a, 39b, 40b, 42a, 44a, 57a, 63a, 65a, 72e, 73a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 135b, 139a, 14Oa, 143b, 145b, 156b, 157d, 200a, 208a, 213a, 214a, 216a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 249c, 250b. Total: 74 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 21, 24, 36, 45, 50, 93, 94, 98, 104, 128, 136, 141, 144, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215. Total: 25 instanees.

POM -BUSAMI. Instanees of correspondenee: 30a, 33a, 35, 42a, 129a, 134a, 156b, 220a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Total: 15 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 36, 128, 197, 201, 203, 237, 238, 239, 240. Total: 9 instances.

POM -SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 37e, 38a, 42a, 44a, sOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 74b, 88a, 89a, 94b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 144a, 145b, 159b, 200a, 202a, 203d, 208a, 211b, 213a, 214a, 216a, 217a, 220a, 232a, 233a, 234a, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 69 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 24, 36, 39, 40, 45, 72, 73, 92, 93, 97, 98, 103, 104, 135, 136, 141, 143, 156, 157, 197, 201, 209, 210, 212, 215, 219, 237, 238, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 251. Total: 37 instanees.

POM -AMBAI. Instanees of correspondenee: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37e, 38a, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 94b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 144a, 145b, 159b, 200a, 202a, 208a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 220a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 61 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 39, 40, 45, 72, 73, 92, 93, 98, 103, 104, 135, 136, 141, 143, 156, 157, 197, 201, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212,215,216,219,237,238,239,240.248,249,250,251. Total: 42 instanees.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

POM-W ADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 38a, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 74b, 88a,89a,96a,97a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 14Oa, 144a, 145b, 200a, 202a, 203d, 208a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237,238, 241a, 245, 246. Total: 58 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 72, 73, 92, 93, 103, 104, 135, 141, 143, 156, 157, 197, 201, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 251. Total: 38 instanees.

POM-WABO. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 21d, 24c, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a. 127a, 128a, 134a, 156b, 208a,217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 44 instances. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72,74,88,92,93,94,98, 104, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143. 144, 145, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 242, 248, 250, 251. Total: 56 instanees.

POM-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 21d, 24c, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 14Oa, 156b, 200a, 2<&, 213a, 217a, 220a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 44 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5,6, 12, 14,20,25,28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39,40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 104, 127, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 157, 159, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 25l. Total: 61 instanees.

POM-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, Sb, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 38a, 42a, 44a, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 73a, 88a, 89a, 92a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 98a, 103a, l04d, 127a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 200a, 202a, 208a, 209a, 2llb, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 66 instanees.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 89

Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 39, 40, 45, 50, 72, 74, 128, 135, 141, 144, 156, 157, 159, 197, 201, 203, 210, 212, 215, 216, 220, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota}: 38 instanees.

POM-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 35, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 104d, 134a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 30 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5,6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27,28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 50, 57,64,72, 74,88,89,92, 94,98, 103, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 156, 157, 159, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232. 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 250, 251. Tota}: 70 instanees.

POM-RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 8a, 15a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 14Oa, 144a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 209a, 21Oa, 213a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246. Total: 31 instances. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12,24,25,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 57,64, 72, 88, 89, 98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 156, 159, 197, 201, 202, 203, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 232, 233, 242, 250, 251. Tota}: 45 instanees.

POM-MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 97a. Tota}: 2 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 92, 140, 141, 212. Total: 5 instanees.

POM -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 25a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a. 67a, 67b, 92a, 96a, 97a, l04d, 139a, 143b, 144a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 209a, 21Oa, 219a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 28. 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 103, 127, 128,129,134,135,136, 140, 141, 156, 157, 159, 197,201,202,203,

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 232, 242, 248, 249, 250,

Total: 63 instances.

POM-WAROPEN. Instances of correspondence: 2,8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, SOa, 63a, 67b, 96a, 97a, 103a, 134a, 139a, 143b, 145b, 200a, 202a, 208a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 45 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 57,

64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135,

136, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 159, 197, 201, 203, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 60 instances.
36. POM-MOR. Instances of correspondence: 2, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 29, 30a, 31a. 35, 37c, 38a, 44a, 64b, 67b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 139a, 144d, 200a, 208a, 214a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 35 instances. Instances of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 145, 156, 159, 197, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Total: 68 instances.
37. POM -IRARUTU. Instances of correspondence: 2, 7a, 1O,13a, 16, 29a, 30a, 35, 64b, 65a, 67b, 89a, 92a, 93c, 96a, 97a, 98a, 103a, 128a, 134a, 14Oa, 202a, 214a, 233a, 234, 245, 246,
247. Total: 28 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33,

36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74, 88, 94, 104,

127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 159, 197,

200, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219,

220, 232, 251. Total: 76 instances. MARAU-ANSUS. 235, 236, 237, 238, Instances of correspondence: 239, 240, 241, 242, 248, 249, 250

la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 232,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 91

233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246. 247. Tata!: 24 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 72, 156, 239, 240, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 7 instances.

MARAU -PAPUMA. Instanees of correspondence: la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, ne, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a, 140a, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246,247, 249c, 250b, 251b. Tata!: 29 instances. Instanees of disagreement : 239, 240. Tota!: 2 instanees.

MARAU -MUNGGUI. Instanees of correspondence: la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 72e, 96a, 127a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234a, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 249c, 250b. Tota!: 28 instances. Instanees of disagreement :

Tota!: 1 instanee.

MARAU -BUSAMI. Instanees of correspondence: 1 29a, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 2300, 241a, 242a. Tota!: 9 instances. Instanees of disagreement : 128, 237, 238, 239, 240. Tota!: 5 instanees.

MARAU -SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la ,7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 22 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 72, 156, 237, 238, 239, 240, 249, 250, 251. Total: 9 instanees.

MARAU -AMBAI. Instanees of correspondence: la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 232a, 233a, 234a, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 24 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 72, 156, 239, 240, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 7 in stances.

MARAU-WADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence:

SITUATION IN YAPEN

la, 7a, 10, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 232a, 233a,234,235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246. Total22 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 72, 156, 239, 240, 249, 250, 251. Total: 7 instanees.

MARAU -WABO. Instanees of correspondence: 7a, 10, 63a, 96a, 127a, 128a, 156b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 19 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 64, 72, 129, 139, 140, 232, 242, 250, 251. Total: 11 instanees.

MARAU -KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 7a, 10, 63a, 96a. 128a, 129a, 14Oa, 156b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 16 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 64, 72, 127, 139, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250,

Total: 15 instanees.

MARAU -WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 7a, lOa, 12b, 63a, 64b, 96a, 127a, 129a, 139a, 14Oa, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 20 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 72, 128, 156, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250, 251. Total: 11 instanees.

MARAU -DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence; 7a, 10, 63a, 96a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 11 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 64, 72, 127, 128, 129, 139, 156, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 250, 251. Total: 18 instanees.

MARAU -RON. Instanees of correspondence: 7a, 63a, 96a, 14Oa, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246. Total: 14 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 64, 72, 128, 129, 139, 156, 232, 233, 242, 250, 251. Total: 13 instances.

MARAU -MEOSWAR. One instanee of disagreement :
140.

MARAU -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 7a, 10, 63a, 96a, 139a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 17 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 64, 72, 127, 128, 129, 140, 156, 232, 242, 249, 250, 251. Total: 14 instanees.

MARAU-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondenee: 10, 12b, 63a, 96a, 139a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 18 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 7, 64, 72, 127, 128, 129, 140, 156, 242, 249, 250, 251. Total: 13 instanees.

MARAU -MOR. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 7a, 10, 64b, 96a, 139a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 12 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 63, 72, 127, 128, 129, 140, 156, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250, 251. Total: 19 instanees.

MARAU -IRARUTU. Instanees of correspondence: 7a, 10, 64b, 96a, 128a, 140a, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247. Total: 11 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 12, 63, 72, 127, 129, 139, 156, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 250, 251. Total: 20 instanees.

ANSUS-PAPUMA. Instanees of correspondenee: la, 2, 3b, 4a, 5b, 6a, 7a, Ba, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 36b, 37c, 38a, 39a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 50a, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 92a, 93b, 94b, 96a, 97a, 98c, 103c, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 141d, 144c, 145b, 157a, 157d, 158a, 159b, 200a, 201d, 202e, 208a, 20ge, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246,

Total: 89 instanees.

YAPEN

Instanees of disagreement : 33,40, 72, 88, 135, 156, 197, 203, 219, 248, 249, 250, 251. Total: 13 instanees.

ANSUS-MUNGGUI. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, Ba, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 74b, 89a, 92a, 93b, 96a, 97a, 98c, l04a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 157d, 158a, 20Da, 202a, 208a, 209c, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 72 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 33, 36, 39,40, 50, 72, 85, 88, 94, 103, 128, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 156, 197, 201, 203, 210, 211, 219, 239, 240, 249, 250. Total: 29 instances.

ANSUS-BUSAMI. Instanees of correspondence: 30a, 35, 42a, 129a, 134a, 203b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Total: 13 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 85, 122, 128, 132, 156, 197, 201, 237, 238. Total: 11 instanees.

ANSUS-SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, Ua, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 2Ba, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a,67b,68a, 68b,72a,74b, 75a, 76a, 78a, 79a, 84b,85b, 87a, 89a, 9Oa, 94b, 95a, 96a, 98c, 99a, 100a, 101, 102a, 104a, 105a, l06a, llOa, 112a, 113a, 116a, 117a, lIBa, 120, 122a, 124a, 125a, 126a, 127a, 12Ba, 129a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 135a, 139a, 14Oa, 144c, 145b, 146a, 14&, 149a, 151a, 152, 154a, 156a, 158a, 159b, 162a. 163a, 164a, 169, 172a, 174, 178a, 183a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 194a, 195a, 196a, 197a, 20Da, 203b, 203d, 208a, 209c, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a, 218a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a, 252a. 253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 257a, 258a, 259a. Total: 151 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 71, 73, 77, 82, 83, 86, 88, 92, 93, %A, 97, 103, 119, 130, 136, 141, 143, 153, 155, 157, 165, 184, 201, 202, 237, 238. Total: 28 instanees.

SITUATION IN YAPEN 95

ANSUS-AMBAI. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 26a, 2Sa, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, sOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68a, 68b, 74a, 76a, 7Sa, 79a, 80a, 87a, 89a, 94b, 95a, 96a, 98e, 99a, 101, 102a, 104a, 105a, l06a, 107, 108, 110a, 112a, 112b, 113a, 116a, 11Sa, 120, 122a, 125a, 126a, 127a, 128a, 129a, 12ge, 130a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 146a, 147a, 148a, 149a, 152, 155a, 156a, 158a, 159b, 163a, 164a, 169, 172a, 174, 178a, 183a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 200a, 203b, 208a, 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 257a, 258a, 259a. Total: 133 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 45, 72, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, %A, 103, 109, 114, 117, 119, 124, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 151, 153, 154, 157, 161, 162, 165, 189, 197, 201, 202, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218. Total: 47 instanees.

ANSUS-W ADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, sOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 74b, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 9&, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 156a, 200a, 203b, 203d, 208a, 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a. Total: 71 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 45, 72, 73, 88, 92, 93, 103, 104, 135, 141, 143, 144, 157, 158, 197, 201, 202, 210, 211, 215, 216. Total: 28 instanees.

ANSUS-W ABO. Instanees of eorrespondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, Sa, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 40a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, l00a, 100a, 127a, 128a, 134a, 143a, 158a, 208a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Total: 48 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1,3,5, 12, 13,14,21,24,25,28,33,36,37,38,50,57,64,72,73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 144,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

145, 156, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 240, 242, 248. Total: 54 instanees.

ANSUS-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 23a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67b, 68a, 71b, 84b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 99a, 101, l04a, 124a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 14Oa, 143a, 156a, 200a, 208a, 213a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 59 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 127, 132, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237, 238, 242, 248. Total: 61 instanees.

ANSUS-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, l1a, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21a, 21b, 23a, 24a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 38a, 39a, 40a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68a, 71 b, 72a, 73a, 75a, 76a, 78a, 80a, 83a, 84b, 87a, 89a, 90a, 92, 94b, 95a, 96a, 96Ab, 97a, 100a, 101, 102a, 104a, 105a, l06a, 107, 11Oa, 112a, 114a, 116a, 118a, 120, 122a, 125a, 126a, 127a, 129a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 135a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 146a, 147a, 149a, 151a, 152, 154a, 156a, 157a, 158a, 161b, 162a, 163a, 174a, 169, 172a, 174, 183a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 194a, 195a, 196a. 200a, 203b, 208a, 209, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 217a, 218a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 257a, 258a, 259a. Total: 144 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 25, 33, 36, 50, 74, 77, 82, 85, 86, 88, 98, 99, 103, 108, 109, 113, 117, 119, 124, 128, 130, 141, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 159, 165, 189, 197, 201, 202, 216, 237, 238, 242. Total: 37 instanees.

ANSUS-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 21a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, (63d), 65a, 67a, 73a, 83a, 96a, 97a, 118a, 125a, 126a, 129c, 132b, 134a, 144c, 145b, 149a, 154, 155a, 157a, 163a, 172a, 178a, 191a, 197a,

SITUATION IN YAPEN 97

200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 243,245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a, 259a. Tota! : 50 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 68, 71, 72, 74, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 117, 127, 128, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147, 153, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 196, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 250. Tota!: 82 instanees.

ANSUS -RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 44a, 63a(-d), 65a, 67a, 68b, 73a, 83a, 96a, 97a, 113a, 117a, 118a, 126a, 129c, 134a, 140a, 145b, 149a, 155a, 163a, 172a, 178a, 191a, 197a, 200a, 208a, 213a, 215a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 251a. Tota!: 44 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12,24,25,29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37,45, 57, 64, 71, 72, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 96A,98, 99, 105, 106, 128, 132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 146, 147, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 196. 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 239, 240, 242, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Tota!: 66 instanees.

ANSUS -MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 97a, 161 b, 163a. Tota!: 4 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 82, 92, 112, 124, 140, 141, 189, 192, 212. Tota!: 10 instanees.

ANSUS -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, lla, 15a, 16, 19a, 21a, 21b, 25a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68a, 71b, 76a, 79a, 83a, 87a, 90a, 92a, 95a, 96a, 97a, 99a, 101, 11Oa, 112a, 113a, 114a, 116a, 117a, 120, 122a, 125a, r26a, 129c, 133a, 139a, 143a, 145b, 147a, 148a, 149a, 151a, 152, 155a, 161b, 163a, 172a, 174, 178a, 183a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 197a, 200a, 208a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota!: 81 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, sa, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96A,98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 118, 119, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144, Verh. dl. XXXV

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

146, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 169, 189,

192, 192 194, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215,

216, 254, 255, 259. Total: 104 instanees. 68. ANSUS-WAR OPEN. 2, 3b, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, sOa, 63a, 67b, 68a, 71 b, 78a, 83a, 84b, 96a, 97a, 101, l06a, 107, 116a, 1I7a, 120, 122a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 145b, 146a, 147a, 152, 153b, 155a, 158a, 163a, 172a, 174, 191a, 192a, 192 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a. Total: 7S instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 217, 218, 219, 232, a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 201c, 208a, 217a, 232a, 239, 240, Instanees of correspondence: 242, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253,

1, 4, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, BO, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 57,

113, 114, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 136, 140,

141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164,

169, 178, 183, 184, 194, 197, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,

214, 258,259. Tota!: 104 instanees. 69. ANSUS-MOR. 215, 216, 218, 219, Instanees of correspondence: 242, 248, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257,

A,

A

2, 3b, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 21a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 33c, 35, 37c, 38a, 44a, 64b, 67a, 68a, 71b, 76a, 84b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 101, 102a, 116a, 120, 126a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 146a, 155a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 208a, 214a, 215a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota!: 60 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 5, 6, 8, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45.

50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87,

88, 92, 93, 94, 95, %A, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 122,

124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145,

147, 148, 149, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172,

189, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 9S instanees. ANSUS-IRARUTU. 197, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, Instanees of correspondence: 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219,

70.

30a, 35, 64b, 65a, 67b, 68a, 77b, 84b, 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 101, 112b, 116a, 120, 128a, 12ge, 133a, 134a, 140a, 148a, 214a, 233a, 234,245,246,247, 249a, 251a, 252a. 253a. 254a, 255a. Total: 41 instanees.

Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32,

33, 36, 76, 82, 85, 86, 88, 93, 94, 95, %A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,

105, 106, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143,

144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164,

165, 169, 172, 183, 189, 191, 195, 196, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203,

208, 209, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 248, 250. Total: 110 instanees. 210, 211, 212, 213, Instanees of eorrespondenee: 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 232, 235,

PAPUMA-MUNGGUI. la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 37e, 38a, 4Ob, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 65a, 72e, 73a, 74b, 89a, 92a, 93b, 96a, 97a, 98e, l04a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 135b, 139a, 140a, 14Sb, IS6b, 157d, 158a, 200a, 202e, 203a, 208a, 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 23Sa, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 24ge, 250b. Total: 80 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 36, 39, 50, 88, 94, 103, 128, 136, 141, 144, 197, 201, 210, 211, 239, 240. Total: 18 instanees.

PAPUMA-BUSAMI. Instanees of eorrespondence: 30a, 33a, 35, 42a, 129a, 134a, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Total: 14 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 36, 128, 197, 201, 203, 220, 237, 238. Total: 8 instanees.

PAPUMA -SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 3b, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 24a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 35, 37c, 38a, 39a, 42a, 44a, 45b, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 74b, 89a, 94b, ~1~1~1~1.1~1~1~1~1~1~ 158a, 159b, 2ooa, 208a, 20ge, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a,

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

216a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246,

Tota!: 76 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 21, 36, 40, 72, 73, 88, 92, 93, 103, 135, 136, 141, 156, 157, 197, 201, 202, 203, 219, 220, 237, 238, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 26 instances.

PAPUMA-AM BAL Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 4a, 5b, 6a, 7a, Sa, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 39a, 42a, 44a, 50a, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a,67a,67b,74b,89a,94b,96a,98c,104a,104b, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 158a, 159b, 200a, 208a, 20ge. 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 67 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 72, 73, 88, 92, 93, 103, 135, 136, 141, 144, 156, 157, 197, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 215, 216, 219, 220, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 35 instanees.

PAPUMA-WADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, ZOa, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 3Sa, 39a, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 74b, 89a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 9&, 104b, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 200a, 208a, 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246. Tota!: 64 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 72, 73, 88, 92, 93, 103, 135, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 215, 216, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 33 instanees.

P APUMA-W ABO. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 134a, 156b, 158a, 208a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

3, 5, 12, 13, 14,21,24,25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 40, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92,93, 94, 98, 103, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 101

215, 216, 219, 232, 239, 240, 242, 248, 250, 251. Tota!: 57 instanees.

PAPUMA-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 97b, l04a, 128a, 129a. 134a, 14Oa, 156b, 200a, 208a, 213a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 14,20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64. 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 127, 135, 136, 141, 144, 145, 157, 158, 159, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 232, 237, 238, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota!: 60 instanees.

PAPUMA-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 3b, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 10, 12b, t3a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 24a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37c, 38a, 39a. 42a. 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 73a, 89a, 92a, 94b, %a. 97a, 97b, 104a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 157a, 158a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 74 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 25, 33, 36, 40, 50, 72, 74, 88, 98, 103, 128, 135, 141, 144, 156, 159, 197, 201, 202, 209, 216, 220, 237, 238, 242, 248, 249, 250,

Total: 29 instanees.

PAPUMA-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 10, 15a, 16, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63 (a-d), 65a, 67a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 144c, 145b, 157a, 200a, 203a. 208a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 32 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5,8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 74, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 156, 158, 159, 197, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 250, 251. Tota!: 65 instanees.

PAPUMA-RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 44a, 63 (a-d), 65a, 67a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 134a,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

140a, 145b, 200a, 203a, 20&, 213a, 215a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246. Total: 30 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 57, 64, 72, 88, 89, 98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 156, 158, 159, 197, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 220, 232, 233, 234, 240, 242, 250, 251. Total: 47 instanees.

PAPUMA -MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 97a. Total: 1 instanee. Instanees of disagreement : 92, 140, 141, 212. Tota]: 4 instanees.

PAPUMA -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 10, 15a, 16, 21b, 25a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67a, 67b, 92a, 96a, 97a, 145b, 200a, 203a, 208a, 219a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota]: 37 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158, 159, 197, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 232,239,240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota]: 68 instanees.

PAPUMA-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3b, Ba, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, SOa, 63a, 67b, 96a, 97a, 97b, 134a, 139a, 145b, 158a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 44 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 57, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 159, 197, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota]: 59 instanees.

PAPUMA -MOR. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3b, 4a, 7a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 35, 37c, 38a, 44a, 64b, 67b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 139a, 200a, 203a, 20Ba, 214a,

SITUATION IN YAPEN 103

215a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 36 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144, 145, 156, 158, 159, 197, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251. Tota}: 64 instanees.

PAPUMA-IRARUTU. Instanees of eorrespondence: 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 29a, 30a, 35, 64b, 65a, 67b, 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 128a, 134a, 140a, 214a, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 25 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36,

37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74, 88, 93, 94, 98,

103, 104, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158,

159, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215,

216, 217, 250, 251. TotaI: 77 instanees. MUNGGUI - 219, 220, BUSAMI. 232, 235, Instanees of eorrespondenee: 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 248, 249,

30a, 33a, 35, 42a, 128e, 129a, 134a, 156b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Tota!: 15 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 36, 85, 201, 203, 237, 238, 239, 240. Tota}: 8 instanees.

MUNGGUI -SERUI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33a, 34, 35, 37e, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 65a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 96a, 98e, l04a, 127a, 129a. 134a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 158a, 200a, 208a, 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 216a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 66 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 36, 39, 40, 50, 72, 73, 85, 92, 93, 94, 97, 103, 128, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 219, 237, 238, 239, 240, 249, 250. Tota}: 35 instanees.

MUNGGUI -AMBAI. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 57a, 63a, 65a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 96a, 98e, 104a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 158a, 200a, 208a, 20ge, 21Oc, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 62 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 72, 73, 85, 92, 93, 94, 103, 128, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 201, 202, 203, 211, 215, 216, 219, 239, 240, 249, 250. Total: 37 instanees.

MUNGGUI-WADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 2Oa, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 38a, 42a, 44a, 57a, 63a, 65a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 9&, 127a, 129a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 140a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 209c, 21Oc, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246. Tota!: 60 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 39,40,45,50,72,73,92,93,94. 103, 104, 128, 135, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 158, 201, 202, 203, 211, 215, 216, 219, 239, 240, 249, 250. Total: 37 instanees.

MUNGGUI-W ABO. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 65a, 89a, 93a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 100a, 127a, 134a, 156b, I 58a, 208a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 46 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 57, 72,74,88,92,94,98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 157, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 242, 250. Total: 51 instanees.

MUNGGUI-KURUDU. Instanees of eorrespondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 89a, 93a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 100a, 129a, 134a, 140a, 156b, 200a, 208a, 213a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247a. Total: 42 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 5, 12, 14,20,21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36,37, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 94, 98, 127, 128, 135. 136, 139, 141, 143,

SITUATION IN Y APEN 105

144, 145, 157, 158, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250. Tota}: 57 instanees.

MUNGGUI-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 35, 37c, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 57a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 88a, 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 104a, 127a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 14Oa, 145b, 158a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 21Oc, 211g, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 217a, 219a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 2300, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota}: 68 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 25, 33, 36, 39, 40, 50, 72, 74, 85, 94, 98, 128, 135, 136, 141, 144, 156, 157, 201, 202 209, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250. Tota}: 31 instanees.

MUNGGUI-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3a, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 35, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 12&, 134a, 141a, 145b, 2OOa, 201j, 203a, 208a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 35 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 50, 57, 72, 74, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 156, 157, 158, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 250. Total: 62 instanees.

MUNGGUI -RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3a, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 73a, 96a, 97a, 12&, 134a, 140a, 141a, 145b, 200a, 203a, 208a, 213a, 215a, 219a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246. Tota}: 34 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 45, 57, 72, 85, 88, 89, 98, 129, 135, 136, 139, 144, 156, 158, 201, 202, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 232, 233, 242, 250. Total: 36 instanees.

MUNGGUI -MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 97a, 141a. Total: 3 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 92, 140, 212. Tota}: 4 instanees.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

MUNGGUI -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3a, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 21b, 30a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 92a, 97a, 139a, I41a, 143b, 145b, 200a, 201j, 203a, 208a, 219a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Total: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40. 45, 50, 57, 72, 73, 74, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 140, 144, 156, 157, 158, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232, 242, 249, 250. Total: 57 instanees.

M UNGGUI-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 8a, 10, 12b, I3a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21b, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35a, 36d, 38a, 39b, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 93a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 128c, 134a, 136b, 139a, 143b, 145b, 158a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246. Tota!: 49 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 40, 50, 57, 65, 72, 73, 74, 85, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 104, 127, 129, 135, 140, 141, 144, 156, 157, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 242, 249, 250. Tota!: 50 instanees.

MUNGGUI-MOR. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 35, 37c, 38a, 44a, 89a, 93a, 96a, 97a, 128c, 134a, 136b, 139a, 200a, 208a, 214a, 215a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247. Tota!: 36 instanees. Instances of disagreement : I, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 85, 88, 92, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 129, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 158, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 249, 250. Tota!: 62 instanees.

MUNGGUI -IRARUTU. Instances of correspondence: 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 29a, 30a, 35, 65a. 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 134a, 14Oa, 214a, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247. Total: 22 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 107

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74, 85, 88, 93, 94, 98, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 250. Tatal: 77 instanees.

BUSAMI-SERUI-LAUT. Instanees af eorrespandenee: 30a, 33a, 35, 42a, 49b, 129a, 134a, 203b, 204a, 220a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Total: 17 instanees. Instanees af disagreement : 36, 51, 85, 122, 128, 132, 156, 197, 199, 201, 224. Tatal: 11 instanees.

BUSAMI-AMBAI. Instanees af earrespondenee: 30a, 35, 42a, 129a, 132e, 134a, 203b, 220a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a. Total: 15 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 49, 51, 85, 122, 128, 156, 197, 199, 201, 204, 237, 238. Tata!: 14 instanees,

BUSAMI-W ADAPI-LAUT. Instanees af correspandenee: 30a, 42a, 129a, 134a, 203b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tata!: 11 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 128, 156, 197,201, 237, 238. Tata!: 8 instanees.

BUSAMI-W ABO. Instanees of earrespandenee: 30a, 35, 42a, 134a, 156b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 10 instanees. Instanees af disagreement : 33, 36, 128, 129, 197, 201, 203, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242. Tata!: 13 instanees.

BUSAMI-KURUDU. Instanees af earrespondenee: 30a, 35, 42a, 129a, 134a, 156b, 220a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tata!: 12 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 49, 128, 132, 197, 201, 203, 232, 242. Tota! 10 instanees.

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

BUSAMI-WANDAMEN. Instances of correspondence: 30a, 35, 42, 51b, 6Oa, 85c, 129a, 134a, 203b, 204a, 224, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 17 in stances. Instances of disagreement : 33, 36, 49, 122, 128, 132, 156. 197, 199, 201, 220, 242. Tota!: 12 instances.

BUSAMI -DUSNER. Instances of correspondence: 35, 42a, 128c, 134a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 8 instances. Instances of disagreement : 30, 33, 36, 85, 129, 132, 156, 197, 199, 201, 203, 232, 233, 242. Tota!: 14 instances.

BUSAMI-RON. Instances of correspondence: 128c, 134a, 199a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 7 instances. Instances of disagreement : 30, 33, 36, 85, 129, 132, 156, 197, 201, 203, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242. Tota!: 18 instances.

BUSAMI -MEOSW AR. No comparab!e words are found in the sources.

BUSAMI-BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 30a, 35, 42a, 49b, 51b, 6Oa, 199a. 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 12 instances. Instances of disagreement : 33, 36, 85, 122, 128, 129, 132, 134, 156, 197, 201, 203, 204, 220, 224, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242. Tota!: 21 instances.

BUSAMl-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 30a, 35, 42a, 51b, 12&, 134a, 204a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 13 instances. Instances of disagreement : 33, 36, 49, 60, 85, 122, 129, 132, 156, 197, 201, 203, 220, 224, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242. Tota!: 19 in stances.

BUSAMI -MOR. Instanees of correspondence: 30a, 35, 12&, 134a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a. Tota!: 8 instances. Instances of disagreement : 33, 36, 42, 49, 85, 122, 129, 132, 156, 197, 199, 203, 204, 220, 232, 233, 242. Tota!: 17 instances.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 109

BUSAMI -IRARUTU. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 30a, 35, 134a, 204a, 233a, 234. Total: 6 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 33, 36, 42, 49, 85, 122, 128, 129, 156, 197, 199, 201, 203, 220, 232, 235, 236, 241, 242. Total: 19 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-AMBAI. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6b, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, l2b, 13a, l4a, l5a, 16, 18a, 1&, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 3la, 32a, 34, 35, 36e, 38a, 39a, 40a, 41a, 42a, 44a, 48a, 49a, sOa, Sla, 52a, s3a, s3b, 57a, 63a, 64a, 64b, 6sa, 67a, 67b, 68a, 68b, 74b, 76a, 77a, 78a, 79a, 83b, 86a, 87a, 88a, 89a, 92e, 93d, 94b, 95a, 96a, 96Aa, 9&, 99a, 101, 102a, 103b, l04a, 104b, IOsa, l06a, 110a, 112a, 113a, 115a, 116a, 118a, 120, 122a, 124b, 125a, 126a, 127a, l28a, 129a, 129b, 132b, 133a, 134a, 136c, 137, 1 39a, 140a, 141e, 143d, 144a. 14sb,146a,148a,149a,ls2,153a,156a,ls7e,158a,159b,163a,164 a, 165a, l67a, 169, l72a, 174, 177b, l78a, l80a, l8la, 183a, 188a, 189a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 198a, 199b, 200a, 201a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 209c, 21Od, 212a, 213a, 214a, 216b, 217a, 219b, 220a, 222a, 225b, 228a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242a, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 2s7a, 258a, 259a. Total: 171 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 25, 33, 37, 45, 47, 72, 73, 75, 82, 84, 85, 91, 109, 117, 119, 130, 135, 151, 154, 155, 162, 187, 197, 204, 211, 215, 218, 237,

Total: 31 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-W ADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of eorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 36c, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, SOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 74b, 88a, 89a, 92e, 93d, 94b, 96a, 97b, 98e, 103b, l04b, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 139a, 140a, 141e, 143d, 144a, 145b, 156a, 157e, 200a, 201a, 202a, 203b, 203d. 208a. 20ge, 212a, 213a, 214a, 216b, 217a, 219b. 232a, 233a, 234, 23sa, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a. Total: 82 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 25, 33, 37, 45, 72, 73, 135, 136, 158, 197, 210, 211, 215, 237, 238. Total: 18 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-WABO. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 2Id, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a,

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 64a, 65a. 72b, 89a, 96a, l00a, l04a, 127a, 128a, 129b, 134a, 140b, 158a, 208a, 209b, 214c, 217a, 233a, 234a, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Total: 52 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 33, 36, 37, 38, 50, 57, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94,97,98, 103, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248. Total: 50 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 17a, 18a, 21d, 23a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 48a, 53b, 63a,63b, 64a, 65a, 67b, 68a, 72b, 84b, 89a, %a, 97b, 99a, 101, l04a, 124a, 128a, 129a, 129b, 134a, 136d, 140a, 140b, 156a, 200a, 208a, 209b, 213a, 214c, 217a, 220a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota!: 71 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 14, 19, 20, 24, 25,28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57, 71, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 127, 132. 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206,210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 219, 232, 242, 248. Tota!: 60 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-WANDAMEN. Instancesofcorrespondence: la, 2, 3b, 4a, 5b, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, lla, 12b, 13a, 14a. 15a, 16, 17a, 19a, 20a, 21a, 23a, 24a, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 35, 37c, 38a, 39a, 40a, 41a, 42a, 43a, 44a, 45b, 46a, 48a, 49a, 51a, 52a, 53a, 54a, 57a, 59a, 63a, 63b, 64a, 64b, 65a, 66a, 67a, 67b, 68b, 70a, 71a, 72a, 73b, 75a, 76a, 77a, 78a, 84b, 87a, 88a, 89a, 9Oa, 91a, 94b, 95a, 96a, 97b, 100a, 101, 102a, l04a, 105a, 106a, 11Oa, lIla, 112a, 115a, 116a, 118a, 120, 121a, 122a, 123, 125a, 126a, 127a, 129a, 131a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 135a, 137, 138a, 139a, 140a, 142a, 145b, 146a, 149a, 151a, 151b, 152, 154a, 156a, 158a, 162a, 163a, 164a, 165a, 167a, 169, 171a, 172a, 174, 179a, 181a, 181b, 182a, 183a, 185a, 186a, 187a, 188a, 189a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 193a, 194a, 195a, 196a, 198a, 200a, 201a, 202a, 203b, 204a, 206a, 208a, 21Ob, 211b, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215a, 217a, 218a, 219b, 223a, 225a, 225b, 226a, 227a, 228a, 230a, 231a. 231b, 232a, 233a,234,23Sa, 236a,241a, 245,246,247,248a, 249a,250a,251a,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 111

253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 257a, 25Sa, 259a. Total: 187 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 25, 33, 36, 47, 50, SS, 58, 61, 74, 82, 83, 85, 86, %A, 98, 99, 103, 109, 113, 117, 119, 124, 128, 130, 136, 141, 144, 148, 153, 155, 157, 159, 160, 168, 177, 18!,}, 197, 199, 209, 216, 220, 221, 224,229,242, 244. Total: 46 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 18a, 21a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 46a, 63a, 63b, 65a, 67a, 71a, 84a, 96a, lIla, 118a, 123, 125a, 126a, 132b, 134a, 138a, 144c, 145b, 149a, 163a, 171a, 172a, 178a, 185a, 191a, 197a, 200a, 206a, 208a, 226a, 230a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a, 259a. Total: 55 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36,

37, 39, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, %A, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 40, 43, 45, 48, 50, 52, 57, 61, 64, 66, 68, 72, 73, 74, 83,

113, 117, 121, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143,

146, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167, 168,

180, 186, 187, 188, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, Total: 102 instances. 214, 215, 216, 217, Instanees of correspondenee: 219, 228, 232, 233, 242, 243, 250.

SERUI-LAUT-RON. 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 17a, 44a, 61a, 63a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 67a, 68b, 71a, 84a, 85e, 86a, 96a, 99b, 113a, 117a, 11 Sa, 123, 126a, 134a, 138a, 140a, 144a, 145b, 149a, 163a, 171a, 172a, 178a, 185a, 186a, 191a, 197a, 200a, 20Sa, 213a, 215a, 226a, 229a, 230a, 231b, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 55 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43, 45, 46, 48, 52, 57, 66, 72, 73, 83, 88, 89, 91, 96", 97, 98, 105, 106, 111, 121, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 146, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158,159,162,164,167,168,180,187,188,196,199,201,202,203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 223, 228, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Total: 84 instances.

SERUI-LAUT -MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 17a, 163a, 177e, 189a. Total: 4 instanees.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

lnstances of disagreement : 8, 82, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 192, 212. Total: 10 instances.

SERUI-LAUT -BlAK. Instances of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 11 a, 15a, 16, 17a, 18a, 19a, 21a, 25a, 30a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 46a, 49a, 49b, 53b, 58a, 59a, 63a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68a, 70a, 71a, 76a, 79a, 84a, 85e, 86a, 87a, 9Oa, 95a, %a, 99a, 101, l09a, 110a, 112a, 113a, 116a, 117a, 120, 122a, 123, 125a, 126a, 129b, 131a, 133a, 139a. 142a, 144a. 145b, 148a, 149a, 151a, 152, 163a, 167a, 172a, 174, 177c, 78a, 181a, 182a, 183a, 185a, 186a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 197a, 200a, 201a, 208a, 209b, 221a, 225b, 226a, 229a, 230a, 231b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 103 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 61, 66, ï2, 73. 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96A, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 115, 118, 119, 121, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141; 143, 146, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 171, 179, 180, 187, 188, 189, 192, 192A,193, 194, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,210,211,212,213, 214, 215, 216, 217,218,219,220,222,223, 224, 227, 228, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259. Total: 136 instances.

SERUI-LAUT-WAROPEN. Instances of correspondence: 2, 3b, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 46a, 48a, 49a, SOa, 53b, 54a, 58a, 59a, 63a, 67b, 68a, 70a, 71a, 78a, 84b, 86a, 91a, 96a, 97b, 99b, 101, 104c, 106a, 116a, 117a, 120, 121a, 122a, 123, 129b, 131a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 142a, 145b, 146a, 152, 158a, 163a, 167a, 172a, 174, 180a, 181a, 186a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 198b, 200a, 202a, 204a, 208a, 217a, 225b, 228a, 230a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a. Total: 94 instanees. lnstances of disagreement : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7,9, 11, 14, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 51, 52, 55, 57, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96A, 98, 100, 103, 105, 109,

111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 113

136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156,

157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 168, 169, 171, 177, 178, 179, 182, 183,

185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 197, 201, 203, 205, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 229,

242, 244, 248, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259. Total: 127 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-MOR. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3b, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 21a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 35, 37c, 38a, 41a, 44a, 49a, 53b, 64b, 67b, 68a, 76a, 84b, 86a, 89a, 96a, 101, 102a, 104c, lIla, 116a, 120, 126a, 129b, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 146a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 2ooa, 206a, 208a, 21Od, 214a, 215a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 6S instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42,

45, 50, 55, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 112, 122, 57, 63, 65, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85,

124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144,

145, 148, 149, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167,

169, 172, 177, 179, 189, 197, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, 209, 211,

212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 232, 233, 242, 248, 250. Total: 101 instanees.

SERUI-LAUT-IRARUTU. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 21a, 29a, 30a, 35, 49a, 64b, 65a, 67b, 68a, 71a, 84b, 85e, 89a, 96a, 97b, 101, 116a, 120, 128a, 129b, 133a, 134a, 14Oa, 148a, 189a, 202a, 204a, 211a, 214a, 225b, 233a, 234, 245, 246,247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 46 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33,

36, 37, 38, 76, 77, 82, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104. 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75,

105, 106, 111, 112, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 139,

141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164,

165, 167, 169, 172, 177, 179, 183, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,

200, 201, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218,

219, 220, 226, 232, 235, 236, 241, 242, 248, 250. Total: 114 instanees. Verh. dl. XXXV

TUE UNGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

AMBAI-W ADAPI-LAUT. Instanees of correspondenee : la, 2, 3c, 4a, Sb, 6a, 7a, Ba, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 21c, 24b, 25b, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33b, 34, 36c, 37a, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45c, sOa, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 72c, 73c, 74b, 8Ba, 89a, 92c, 93d, 94b, 96a, 98c, 103b, l04b, 127a, 128a, 129a, 134a, 135c, 139a, 14Oa, 141e, 143c, 143d, 144a, 145b, 156a, 157e, 158b, 197b, 200a, 201a, 202a, 203b, 208a, 209c, 21Oc, 211c, 212a, 213a, 214a, 215c, 216b, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a. Tota!: 97 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

136. Tota!: 1 instanee.

AMBAI-W ABO. Instanees of correspondenee : 2, 3c, 4a, 6a, 7a, Ba, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 89a, 96a, l04a, 127a, 12Ba, 129b, 134a, 158a, 208a, 2Uc, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Tota!: 47 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 5, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 45, 50, 57, 72, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 239, 240, 242, 248. Tota!: 52 instanees.

127. AMBAI-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondence:

2, 3c, 4a, 6a, 7a, Ba, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, lBa, 23a, 26a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 48a, 53b, 62a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 67b, 68a, 73c, 89a, 96a, 99a, lOl, 1000, 128a, 129a, 129b, 134a, 14Oa, 156a, 200a, 208a, 2Uc, 213a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 61 instances. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 57, 72, 74, 84, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 124, 127, 132, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237, 238, 242, 248. Total: 66 instanees.

128. AM BAl-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence:

la, 2, 4a, 5b, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a, 14a. 15a, 16, 19a, 20a,

YAPEN 115

21a, 22b, 23a, 25b, 26a, 28a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 39a, 4Oa, 41a, 42a, 44a, 48a, 49a, Sla, 52a, 53a, 57a, 62a, 63a, 64a, 64b, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68b, 76a, 77a, 78a, BOa, 82a, 85d, 87a, 88a, 89a, 91b, 94b, 95a, 96a, 101, 102a, l04a, 105a, l06a, 107, 110a, 112a, 115a, 116a, 118a, 120, 122a, 12sa, 126a, 127a, 129a, 1~~1~1~1~1~1_1~~1,14~IQ,I~ l~l~l~l~l~l~l~l~ln~l~l~ 181a, 183a, 188a, 189a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 19Sa, 200a, 201a, 202a, 203b, 204b, 207a, 208a, 21Oc, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219b, 228a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a, 256a, 257a, 25Sa, 259a. Total: 144 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 24, 33, 36, 37, 45, 47, 50, 72, 73, 74, 75, 83, 84, 96, 92, 96A, 98, 99, 103, 108, 109, 113, 114, 117, 119, 124, 128, 130, 135, 136, 141, 144, 148, 151, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 180, 187, 197, 199, 209, 211, 215, 216, 218, 220, 237, 238, 242, 243. Total: 56 instances.

AMBAI-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 18a, 21a, 24b, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 67a, 96a, 118a, 125a, 126a, 132b, 134a, 145b, 149a, 155a, 163a, 172a, 178a, 191a, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a, 259a. Total: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 48, 50, 52, 57, 62, 64, 68, 72, 73, 74, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 117, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 180, 187, 188, 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 228, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 243, 250. Total 97 instanees.

AMBAI-RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 24b, 44a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 67a, 68b, 86a, 96a, 113a, 118a, 126a, 134a, 14Oa, 144a, 145b, 149a, 155a, 163a, 172a, 178a, 191a, 200a, 20Sa, 213a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 40 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 25, 29, 30. 31. 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 48, 52, 57, 62, 72,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

73, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 96A, 98, 99, 105, 106, 117, 128, 129,

132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 146, 147, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159,

162, 164, 167, 180, 187, 188, 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 209,

210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 228, 232, 233, 239, 240,

242, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Total: 79 instanees.

AM BAl -MEOSWAR. Instanees of correspondenee: 9a, 82a, 163a, 189a. Total: 4 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 161, 177, 192, 212. Total: 11 instanees.

AMBAI -BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 18a, 19a, 21a, 24b, 30a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 49a, 53b, 63a, 64a, 65a, 67a, 67b, 68a, 76a, 79a, 82a, 86a, 87a, 95a, 96a, 99a, 101, 110a, 112a, 112b, 113a, 116a, 120, 122a, 125a, 126a, 129b, 129c, 133a, 139a, 144a, 145b, 147a, 148a, 149a, 152, 155a, 161a, 163a, 167a, 172a, 174, 177a, 178a, 181a, 183a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 201a, 207a, 208a, 215e, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota1: 84 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36,

37, 39, 40, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96 41, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 57, 62, 72, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105, 73, 74, 75, 77,

106, 108, 109, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 124, 127, 128, 130, 132,

134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 143, 146, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157,

158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170, 180, 187, 188, 189, 192, 192

197, 198, 199, 202, 203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,

217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 228, 232, 239, 240, 242, 243, 248, 249,

A,

A,

250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259. Tota1: 122 instanees.

AMBAI-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3e, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 25b, 26a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 48a, 49a, SOa, 53b, 63a, 64a, 67b, 68a, 78a. 82a, 86a, 96a, 101, l06a, 107, 116a, 120, 122a, 129b, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 143e, 145b, 146a, 147a, 152, 155a, 158a. 163a, 167a, 170a, 172a, 174, 177a, 18Oa, 181a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 200a, 202a, 207a, 208a, 217a, 228a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a,

SO, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 9&\ 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112,

113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136,

137, 140, 141, 144, 148, 149, 151, 153, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162,

164, 169, 178, 183, 187, 188, 189, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 209,

210, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259. Tota}: 112 instanees. AM BAl - 2, 3e, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 21a, 25b, 26a, 30a, 31a, 211, 212, MOR. 213, 214, Instanees of eorrespondenee: 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 222, 242, 248,

35, 38a, 41a, 44a, 49a, 53b, 64b, 67b, 68a, 76a, 82a, 86a,

89a, 96a, 101, 102a, 116a, 120, 126a, 129b, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 146a, 155a, 158b, 161a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 208a. 21Od, 214a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota}: 63 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40,

42, 45, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94,95, 96A, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 122, 124, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85,

125, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148,

149, 156, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 177, 189,

197, 219, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 248, 250. Tota}: 98 instanees. AM BAl - 199, 202, 203, 204, 209, 211, Instanees of eorrespondenee: 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218.

lRARUTU. 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 21a, 29a, 35, 49a, 64b, 65a, 67b, 68a, 75b, 89a, 96a, 101, 112b, 116a, 120, 128a, 129b, 12ge, 133a, 134a, 140a, 148a, 161a, 189a, 197b, 202a, 214a, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota}: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, }5, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25. 28, 30, 31,

32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74,

76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 98, 99, 102, 103,

104, 105, 106, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 130, 135, 136, 139, 141,

143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164,

165, 167, 169, 172, 177, 183, 191, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201,

YAPEN

203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 114 instanees.

W ADAPI-LAUT-WABO. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 3e, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 127a, 128a, 134a, 208a, 211a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Tota!: 44 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 5, 12, 13, 14,21,24,25,28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 45, 50, 57,64,72, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 239, 240, 248. Total: 55 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT-KURUDU. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 3e, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 26a, 2ia, 29a, 30a, 32a, 38a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 73e, 89a, %a, 97a, 97b, 128a, 129a, 134a, 14Oa, 156a, 200a, 208a, 211e, 213a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 250a, 251a. Total: 48 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : I, 5, 12, 14,20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39,45, 50, 57,64, 72, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 157. 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 232, 237, 238, 248. Total: 52 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT-WANDAMEN. Instanees ofeorrespondenee: la, 2, 4a, Sb, 6a, ia, 8a, 9a, 10, 12b, 13a. 14a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25b, 26a, 27a, 28a, 29a, 30a 31a, 32a, 34, 38a, 39a, 40a, 42a, 44a, 57a, 63a, 64b, 65a, 88a, 89a, 94b, 96a, 97a, 97b, 127a, 1 29a, 134a, 136a, 139a, 140a, 145b, 156a, 2OOa, 201a, 202a, 203b, 208b. 21Oc, 212a, 213a, 214a, 217a, 219b, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 248a, 249a, 250a, 251a. Total: 71 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 21, 24, 33, 36, 37, 45, 50, 72, 73, 74, 92, 98, 103, 104, 128, 135, 141, 144, 157, 158, 197,209, 211, 215, 216, 237, 238. Total: 28 instanees.

W ADAPI-LAUT -DUSNER. Instanees of eorrespondenee:

SITUATION IN YAPEN 119

2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 24b, 38a, 42a, 44a, 63a-d, 65a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 28 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37,39,40,45,50,57,64,72,73,74,88,89,92,93,94,98,103,104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 237, 238, 250. Total: 67 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT-RON. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 24b, 44a, 63a-d, 65a, 96a, 97a, 134a. 140a, 144a, 145b, 200a, 208a, 213a, 234, 235a 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 28 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 45, 57, 64, 72, 73, 88, 89, 98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 156, 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 239, 240, 250. Total: 44 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT-MEOSWAR. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 9a, 97a. Total: 2 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 92, 140, 141, 212. Total: 4 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT -BlAK. Instanees of correspondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 24b, 30a, 32a, 34, 38a, 39a, 42a, 44a, 63a, 65a, 96a, 97a, 139a, 144a, 145b, 200a, 201a. 208a, 215e, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 38 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 156, 157, 158, 197, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 232, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250. Total: 64 instanees.

W ADAPI-LAUT -WAROPEN. Instanees of eorrespondence: 2, 3e, Ba, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 20a, 25b, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a. 38a, 39a, 42a, 44a, 50a, 63a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 134a, 136b, 139a,

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

145b, 200a, 202a, 208a, 217a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a. Tota!: 45 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 21, 24, 28, 29, 33, 36, 37, 40, 45, 57, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 156, 157, 158, 197, 201, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 248, 250. Tota!: 55 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT -MOR. Instances of eorrespondenee: 2, 3e, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 25b, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 38a, 44a, 64b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 158b, 200a, 208a, 214a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a. Tota!: 37 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 65, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128, 129, 135, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 197, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 237, 238, 248, 250. Total: 60 instanees.

WADAPI-LAUT-IRARUTU. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 29a, 30a, 64b, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 128a, 134a, 140a, 197b, 202a, 214a, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247. 249a. 251a. Tota}: 26 in stances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33,

36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 72, 73, 74, 88, 92, 93,

94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145,

156, 157, 158, 200, 201, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215,

216, 217, 219, 232, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 248, 250. Tota}: 73 instanees.
146. WABO-KURUDU. Instanees of correspondenee: 1b, 2, 3e, 4a, Sa, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 12a, 15a, 16, 21d, 24c, 25c, 26a, 27a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 32a, 33d, 35, 36a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 72b, 74a, 88b, 89a, 92b, 93a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 98b, 103a, 104a, 128a, 129b, 134a, 139b, 14Ob, 141b, 143a, 144b, 145a, 156b, 202b, 203e, 208a, 209b, 21Oe, 211c, 214b, 215b, 2I7a, 232b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 24Ia, 242b, 245, 246, 247, 248b, 250a, 251a. Total: 75 instances.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN Y APEN 121

Instanees of disagreement : 13, 14, 20, 31, 37, 38, 39, 45, 50, 57, 127, 135, 136, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 212, 213, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240. Total: 25 instanees.

WABO-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 39a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 64a, 65a, 88b, 89a, 96a, 97a, lOOa, 103a, l04a, 127a, 134a, 144b, 158a, 203c, 208a. 217a, 233a, 234, 235, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 250a, 251a. Total: 49 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36, 37, 38, 50, 57, 72, 74, 92, 94, 98, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 145, 156, 157, 197, 200, 201, 202, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248. Total: 50 instanees.

WABO -DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, Sa, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 12a, 13b, 15a, 16, 35, 36a, 42a, 44a, 63a-d. 65a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota}: 29 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 8, 14, 20, 2}, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 64, 72, 74, 88, 89, 92, 94, 98, 103, 104, 127, 128. 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250. Tota}: 69 instanees.

WABO -RON. Instanees of correspondenee : 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 12a, 15a, 25c, 44a, 63a-d, 64a, 65a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 136f, 208a, 214b, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Tota}: 29 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1,3,5,24,29,30,31,32,33,36, 37,45, 57,72,88,89,98,128,129, 135, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 156, 158, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 217, 232, 233, 242, 243, 250. Total: 43 instanees.

WABO -MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 97a. Total: 2 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 92, 140, 141, 212. Tota}: 5 instanees.

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

WABO-BlAK. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10a, 12a, 13b, 15a, 16, 30a, 32a, 35, 42a, 44a, 63a, 64a, 65a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 128b, 129b, 136f, 141b, 143a, 203e, 208a, 209b,214b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota!: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 8, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50, 57, 72, 74, 88, 89, 92, 93, 98, 100, 103, 104, 127, 134, 135, 139, 140, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 200, 201, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 232, 242, 243, 248, 250. Tota!: 59 instanees.

WABO-WAROPEN. Instanees of eorrespondence: 2, 3e, 8a, 10, 15a, 16, 20a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 37b, 42a, 44a, 45b, 63a, 64a, 88b, 93a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 129b, 134a, 141b, 157b, 158a, 208a, 217a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 45 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 50, 57, 65, 72, 74, 89, 92, 98, 100, 104, 127, 128, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 156, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 232, 242, 248, 250. Total: 56 instanees.

WABO-MOR. Instanees of correspondenee: 2, 3a, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 33d, 35, 44a, 57b, 88b, 89a, 93a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 129b, 134a, 136f, 141b, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota!: 35 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 50, 63, 64, 65, 72, 74, 92, 98, 100, 103, 104, 127, 128, 135, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 156, 158, 197, 200, 202, 203, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 64 instanees.

WABO-IRARUTU. Instanees of eorrespondenee: 2, Sa, 7a, 10, 16, 25c, 29a, 30a, 35, 65a, 89a, 96a, 97a, 103a, 128a, 129b, 134a, 141b, 200b, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota!: 25 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15,20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36,

50, 57, 63, 64, 72, 74, BB, 92, 93, 94, 98, 100, 104, 127, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 156, 157, 158, 197, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,232,235,236,237,238,239,240, 241,242,248,250. Tota!: 75 instanees.

KURUDU-WANDAMEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 17a, 23a, 26a, 27a, 29a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 4Oa, 42a, 44a, 45a, 48a, 55a, 62a, 63a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 67b, 71b, 84b, BBb, 89a, 91a, 95a, 97a, 97b, 103a, l04a, 129a, 134a, 140a, 141c, 144b, 156a, 200a, 203c, 20Sa, 213a, 217a. 233a, 234,235a, 236a, 241a, 245,246,247,249a, 250a, 251a,253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 66 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 12, 14, 19,20,21, 24,25, 28, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 68, 72, 73, 74, 92, 94, 98, 99, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 139, 145, 146, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 232, 242, 248. Total: 63 instanees.

KURUDU-DUSNER. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, Sa, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 12a, 15a, 16, 18a, 26a, 35, 36a, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45a, 63a-d, 63b, 65a, 96a, 97a, 134a, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a. Total: 35 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 8, 13, 14, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29,30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 48, 50, 52, 57, 62, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 84, 88, 89, 91, 92,94,98,99,103,104,127,128,129,132,135,136,139,140,141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 233, 242, 243, 250. Tota}: 81 instanees.

KURUDU-RON. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 12a, 15a, 17a, 25c, 44a, 45a, 63a-d, 63b, 64a, 65a, 96a, 97a, 132a, 134a, 140a, 200a, 208a, 213a, 214b, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Tota!: 31 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 5, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 48, 52, 57, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 84, BB, 89, 91, 98, 99, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206,

SITUATION IN YAPEN

209, 210, 211, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Tata!: 67 instanees.

KURUDU-MEOSW AR. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 17a, 97a. Total: 3 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 8, 92, 124, 140, 141, 163, 212. Total: 7 instances.

KURUDU-BlAK. lnstances of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 12a, 15a, 16, 17a, 18a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45a, 53b, 55a, 63a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 67b, 68a, 71b, 94a, 96a, 97a, 99a, 128b, 129b, 132a, 141b, 143a, 157c, 159a, 200a, 203c, 207e, 208a, 209b, 214b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 53 instances. lnstances of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33,

36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 57, 62, 72, 73, 74, 84, 88,

89, 92, 93, 98, 103, 104, 124, 127, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 144,

145, 146, 156. 158, 162, 163, 164, 197, 201, 202, 206, 210, 211,

212, 213, 243, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Total: 83 instances. KURUDU-WAROPEN. 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, Instances of correspondence: 237, 238, 239, 240, 242,

2, 3e, 8a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 47a, 48a, 53b, 55a, 63a, 64a, 67b, 68a, 71b, 84b, 88b, 91a, 93a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 103a, 129b, 134a, 141b, 141c, 159a, 163b, 200a, 208a, 212b, 217a, 233a, 234a, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a. Total: 54 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29,

31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 49, 50, 52, 57, 62, 65, 72, 73, 74,

89, 92, 98, 99, 104, 124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143,

144, 145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 162, 164, 197, 201, 202, 203, 207,

209, 210, 253, 254, 255. Total: 78 instanees. 211, 213, 214, 215, Instanees of eorrespondenee: 216, 219, 220, 232, 242, 248, 250,

KURUDU-MOR. 2, 3e, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 26a, 27a, 30a, 33d, 35, 37, 38a, 44a, 45a, 53b, 67b, 68a, 71 b, 84b, 88b, 89a, 93a, 94a, 96a, 97a, 129b, 132a, 134a, 141b, 200a, 208a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 125

245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tota!: 48 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 39,

40, 41, 42, 49, 50, 55, 57, 63, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 92, 98, 103,

104, 124, 127, 128, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 156,

158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 197, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212,

213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 232, 233, 242, 248, 250. Tata!: 72 instances.

KURUDU -IRARUTU. Instances of correspondence: 2, Sa, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 25c, 29a, 30a, 35, 37d, 65a, 67b, 68a, 84b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 103a, 128a, 129b, 134a, 14Oa, 141b, 159a, 163b, 206b, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Tata!: 39 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33,

36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 57, 63, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74,

88, 92, 93, 94, 98, 99, 104, 124, 127, 135, 136, 139, 143, 144,

145, 146, 156, 157, 158, 162, 164, 197, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208,

209, 210, 236, 241, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 81 instances. WANDAMEN-DUSNER. 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, Instances of correspondence: 217, 219, 220, 232, 235,

2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 21a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45a, 46a, 63a-d, 63b, 65a, 67a, 6&, 71a, 73a, 74f, 83a, 92g, 96a, 96b, 97a, 104d, 111a, 117b, 118a, 123, 125a, 126a, 132b, 134a. 138a, 145b, 149a, 157a, 159c, 16Oa, 163a, 171a, 172a, 185a, 191a, 199c, 200a, 203a, 206a, 208a, 215g, 216k, 219a, 226a, 230a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a, 259a. Tata!: 69 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36,

37, 39, 40, 89, 91, 94, 96", 98, 99, 105, 106, 113, 121, 127, 128, 129, 133, 43, 48, 50, 52, 57, 61, 62, 64, 66, 72, 84, 85, 86, 88,

135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158,

162, 164, 167, 168, 180, 186, 187, 188, 196, 197, 201, 202, 209,

210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 228, 232, 233, 242, 250. Tata!: 86 instances.

WANDAMEN-RON. Instances of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 15a, 17a, 29b, 33g, 44a, 45a, 46b, 63a-d, 63b,

140a, 145b, 149a, 163a, 171a, 172a, 185a, 186, 191a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 209a, 2110, 213a, 215a, 2161, 219a, 226a, 230a, 231b, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 251a. Total: S9 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 12, 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 43, 48, 52, 57, 61, 62, 66,

72, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96A, 98, 99, 105, 106, 111, 113, 117,

121, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 146, 147, 153,

154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 180, 187, 188, 196,

197, 199, 201, 202, 206, 210, 214, 217, 220, 223, 228, 229, 232,

233, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 250, 253, 254, 255. Total: 82 instances.

WANDAMEN -MEOSW AR. Instances of correspondence: 9a, 17a, 82a, 92g, 97a, 161b, 163a, 189a. Tota1: 8 instances. Instances of disagreement : 8, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 177, 192, 212. Tota1: 9 instances.

WANDAMEN -BlAK. Instances of correspondence: 2, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 11 a, 15a, 16, 17a, 19a, 21a, 21b, 29b, 30a, 32a, 34, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45a, 46a, 46b, 49a, 49c, 51b, 54b, 55a, 58b, 59a, 6Oa, 63a, 63b, 64a, 65a, 67a, 67b, 6&1, 70a, 71a, 71b, 74f, 76a, 82a, 83a, 87a, 90a, 92a, 95a, 96a, 97a, 101, l04d, 110a, 112a, 114a, 116a, 119d, 120, 122a, 123, 124h, 125a, 126a, 131a, 133a, 138b, 139a, 142a, 145b, 147a, 149a, 151a, 152, 160a, 161b, 163a, 167a, 167c, 172a, 174, 177a, 179c, 181a, 182a, 183a, 185a, 186a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 201a, 203a, 203c, 207a, 208a, 209a, 2091, 2110, 219a, 220h, 225b, 226a, 228c, 230a, 231b, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 119 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 36,

37, 39, 40, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, 41, 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 57, 61, 62, 66, 72, 73, 75,

108, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 121, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132,

134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 144, 146, 148, 150, 153, 154, 155,

156, 157, 188, 189, 192, 192 158, 159, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 202, 204, 206, 210, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171, 180, 187,

212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223, 224, 227, 229, 232,

A,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 127

237, 238, 239,240, 242, 248, 249, 250, 253, 254, 255, 259. Tota!: 128 instanees.

WANDAMEN-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3b, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 25b, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33f, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, 46a, 48a, 49a, 51b, 54a, 55a, 55b, 59a, 63a, 64a, 67b, 6&, 70a, 71 a, 71b, 78a, 82a, 83a, 84b, 88b, 91a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 101, 103a, 106a, 107, l09d, 116a, 117b, 120, 121a, 122a, 123, 129f, 131a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 138b, 139a, 141c, 142a, 145b, 146a, 147a, 148b, 152, 158a, 16Oa, 163a, 167a, 167c, 16&, 170a, 172a, 174, 177a, 181a, 186a, 191a, 192a, 192Aa, 195a, 196a, 2ooa, 202a, 203h, 204a, 207a, 208a, 215g, 216k, 217a, 221b, 225b, 228a, 228b, 229c, 230a, 232a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a. Tota!: 115 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, SO, 85,86,87,89,90,92,93,94, 96A, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136, 137, 140, 144, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164, 169, 171, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 197, 198, 201, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 218, 219, 220, 224, 226, 244, 248, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259. Tota!: 115 instanees.

WANDAMEN -MOR. Instanees of correspondence: 2, 3b, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 21a. 25b, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 35, 37c, 38a, 41a, 44a, 45a, 49a, 64b, 67b, 71b, 76a, 82a, 84b, 88b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 101, 102a, 111a, 116a, 120, 122d, 126a, 129f, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 144d, 146a, 148b, 160a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 2ooa, 206a, 208a, 214a, 215a, 2161, 234, 255a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 70 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 5, 6, 8, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 50, 53, SS, 57, 63, 65, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 92, 94, 95, 96'<, 98, 100, 104, 105, 106, 112, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 177, 179, 189, 197, 199, 202, 203, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 218, 219, 220, 232, 233, 248, 250. Total: 94 instanees.

YAPEN

WANDAMEN-IRARUTU. Instanees of correspondence: 2,7a, 10, 13a, 16, 21a, 29a, 30a, 35, 49a, 64b, 65a, 67b, 70b, 71a, 84b, 89a, 92a, 96a, 97a, 97b, 98a, 101, 116a, 120, 124f, 133a, 134a, 140a, 189a, 202a, 204a, 214a, 225b, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 44 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19,20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 85, 86, 88, 94, 95, 96A, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172, 177, 179, 183, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226, 232, 235, 236, 241, 248, 250. Total: 116 instanees.

DUSNER-RON. Instanees of correspondence: Ic, 2, 3a, 4a, 6a, 7a, 12a, 15a, 24b, 30b, 31c, 32b, 37e, 43b, 44a, 45a, 48b, 52g, 57d, 62e, 63b, 63d, 65a, 67a, 71a, 72d, 73a, 83a, 84a, 89b, 96a, 96b, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, 105b, 106b, 118a, 123, 126a, 12&, 129c, 133b, 134a, 135f, 138a, 139, 141a, 145b, 146c, 149a, 153e, 154c, 155a, 156f, 158d, 162g, 163a, 164g, 167b, 168e, 171a, 172a, 178a, 180c, 185a, 188d, 191a, 196b, 197a, 197k, 200a, 203a, 205b, 208a, 217b, 219a, 226a, 228d, 230a, 23Od, 232d, 233d, 234. 235a, 236a, 241a, 242c, 243, 245, 246, 25Od, 251a. Tota!: 93 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 5,8,25,33,36,46,61,64,66,68,85,86,88,91,99, 111, 113, 117, 121, 132, 136, 140, 144, 159, 186, 187, 199, 201, 202, 206, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 237, 238, 239, 240, 255. Tota!: 41 instanees.

DUSNER-MEOSWAR. Instanees of correspondence: 8f, 9a, 92g, 97a, 140h, 141a, 163a, 212h. Tota!: 8 instanees. No instanees of disagreement.

DUSNER-BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: Ic, 2, 3a, 4a, 6a, 7a, 9a, 10, 12a, 13b, 14d, 15a, 16, 18a, 21a, 24b, 26b, 27b, 2&, 31c, 32b, 33h, 35, 37e, 38a, 39b, 4Oc, 42a, 43b, 44a, 45a, 46a, 48b, 57d, 61c, 63a-d, 63b, 65a, 67a, 71a, 72d,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 129

74f, 83a, 84a, 85f, 89b, 96a, %Ac, 97a, 98f, l04d, 105b, l06b, 123, 125a, 125b, 126a, 127f, 129c, 133b, 135f, 141a, 145b, 146c, 149a, 153e, 154c, 155a, 156f, 158d, 16Oa, 162g, 163a, 164g, 168e, 172a, 178a, 18Oc, 185a, 188d, 191a, 196b, 197a, 197k, 200a, 201j, 203a, 205b, 208a, 212h, 217b, 219a, 226a, 228d, 230a, 230d, 232d,233c, 234,235a, 236a,241a, 243,245,246, 247, 25Od, 251a, Tota!: 108 instances. Instances of disagreement :

5, 8, 20, 25, 30, 36, 50, 52, 62, 64, 66, 68, 73, 86, 88, 92, 94, 99,

103, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121, 128, 132, 134, 136, 138, 139, 140,

143, 144, 147, 157, 159, 167, 171, 186, 187, 199, 202, 206, 209,

210, Tota!: 57 in stances. 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 237, Instanees of correspondence: 238, 239, 240, 242, 255, 259.

DUSNER-WAROPEN. 2, 10, 14d, 15a, 16, 21a, 28c, 35, 38a, 39b, 4Oc, 42a, 44a, 46a, 57d, 63a-d, 6&, 71 a, 72d, 83a, 96a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, 117b, 121c, 123, 12&, 132b, 134a, 145b, 146c, 155a, 160a, 163a, 172a, 191a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 215g, 216k, 230a, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 242c, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Tota!: 52 instances. Instances of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32,

33, 36, 37, 43, 45, 48, 50, 52, 62, 64, 65, 67, 73, 74, 84, 85, 86,

88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 113, 118, 125,

126, 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 149,

153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 171, 178, 180, 185,

186, 187, 188, 196, 197, 201, 202, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,

214, 217, 219, 226, 228, 232, 233, 243, 250, 255, 259. Tota!: 100 instances.

DUSNER-MOR. Instances of correspondence: Ic, 2, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 21a, 28c, 30b, 35, 38a, 4Oc, 44a, 45a, 72d, 96a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, lIla, 125b, 126a, 12&, 132b, 134a, 155a, 160a, 167b, 191a, 200a, 203a, 206a, 208a, 233d, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a. Tota!: 45 instances. Instances of disagreement :

3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39,

42, 50, 57, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89,

92, 93, 94, 103, 104, 105, 106, 127, 129, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139,

140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163,

Verh. dl. XXXV

THE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

164, 172, 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 232, 242, 243, 250. Tota!: 84 instanees.

DUSNER -lRARUTU. lnstances of carrespondence: Ic, 2, Sa, 7a, 10, 16, 21a, 28c, 31c, 35, 4Oc, 65a, 71 a, 72d, 96a, 97a, 129c, 134a, 14&, 167b, 234, 245, 246, 247, 251a, 255a. Tata!: 26 instanees. lnstances of disagreement : 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 64, 67, 68, 73, 74, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 94, 96A,98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 125, 126, 127, 128, 133, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 149, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 172, 191, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 226, 232, 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 243, 250. Tota! 97 instanees.

RON-MEOSW AR. lnstances af correspondence: 17a, 97a, 141a, 163a. Tota!: 4 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 140. Tota!: 2 instanees.

RON-BlAK. lnstances of correspandence: Ic, 2, 3a, 4a, Sc, 6a, 7a, 12a, 15a, 17a, 24b, 29b, 31c, 32b, 36e, 37e, 43b, 44a, 45a, 46b, 48b, 57d, 63b, 63d, 64a, 65a, 65b, 66b, 67a, 68d, 71a, 72d, 83a, 84a, 85e, 86a, 89b, 93d, 96a, 96Ac, 97a,98f, 105b, 106b, 113a, 117a, 123, 126a, 129c, 132a, 133b, 135f, 136f. 141a, 144a, 145b, 146c, 149a, 153e, 154c, 155a, 156f, 158d, 162g, 163a, 164g, 167d, 168e, 172a, 178a, 18Oc, 185a, 186a, 187c, 187d, 188d, 191a, 196b, 197a, 197k, 199a, 2ooa, 202j, 203a, 205b, 206c, 208a, 209a, 21Oa, 211h, 2110, 214b, 217b, 219a, 223b, 226a, 228d, 229a, 230a, 23Od, 231b, 232c, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 243, 245, 246, 25Od, 251a, 252b, 253b, 254b, 255b. Tata!: 119 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 8, 25, 30, 33, 52, 61, 62, 73, 88, 99, 111, 118, 121, 128, 134, 138, !39, 140, 147, 159, 171, 201, 213, 215, 216, 220, 233, 242. Tata!: 28 instanees.

RON-WAROPEN. lnstances af carrespondence: 2, 8a, 15a, 44a, 57d, 63a-d, 64a, 65b, 71a, 72d, 83a, 86a, 96a,

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 131

%Ac, 97a, 98f, 99b, 117a, 123, 126b, 128c, 134a, 145b, 146c, 155a, 163a, 172a, 186a, 191a, 200a, 203a, 208a, 230a, 234, 235, 236, 237,238,239,240, 241a, 242c, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 45 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 43,

113, 118, 121, 129, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 144,

147, 149, 153, 156, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 171, 178, 180,

185, 187, 188, 196, 197, 201, 202, 205, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214,

215, 253, 254, 255. Total: 90 instanees. 216, 217, MOR. 219, 220, Instanees of correspondence: 226, 228, 229, 232, 233, 243, 250, 252,

45,46,48,52,62,67,68,73,84,85,88,89,91,93, 105, 106, 111,

RON-Ic, 2, 4a, 7a, 15a, 30b, 36c, 44a, 45a, 65b, 72d, 86a, 96a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, 126a, 12&, 132a, 134a, 136f, 155a, 167b, 191a, 200a, 203a, 20Sa, 215a, 2161, 233d, 234, 235, 236, 241a, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 37 instances. Instanees of disagreement :

3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 33, 37, 57, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71,

73,83, 84,85,88,89,93, 105, 106, 111, 129, 133, 135, 138, 139,

140, 141, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164,

172, 196, 197, 199, 202, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 217,

219, 255. Tota!: 73 instanees. RON - 220, 232, IRARUTU. 237, 238, Instanee of correspondence: 239, 240, 242, 243, 250, 252, 253, 254,

Ic, 2, 7a, 25c, 31c, 36e, 65a, 71a, 72d, 85e, 96a, 97a, 129c, 134a, 140a, 146c, 159d, 167b, 220g, 234, 245, 246, 251a. Total: 23 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 44, 45, 57, 63, 64,

67, 68, 73, 84, 86, 88, 89, 93, 96A, 98, 99,105,106,111,126,128,

133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149, 156, 158, 162, 163,

164, 172, 191, 196, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209,

210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 226, 232, 233, 235, 236,

237,238,239,240,241,242,243,250,252, 253, 254, 255. Tota!:

85 instances.

MEOSW AR-BlAK. Instanees of correspondence: 9a, 17a, 82a, 97a, 141a, 161b, 163a, 177e, 192b, 212h. Tota!:

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

10 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 8, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 189. Tota!: 7 instances.

MEOSW AR-WAROPEN. Instanees of correspondence: 82a, 97a, 163a. Tota!: 3 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 8, 9, 17, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 161, 177, 189, 192, 212. Tota!: 14 instances.

MEOSW AR-MOR. lnstances of correspondence: 9a, 82a,97a. Tota!: 3 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 8, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 161, 163, 177, 189, 212. TotaI: 12 instances.

MEOSW AR -lRARUTU. lnstances of correspondence: 97a, 189a. TotaI: 2 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 8, 9, 82, 92, 112, 124, 130, 140, 141, 161, 163, 177, 212. Tota!: 13 instances.

BlAK-WAROPEN. lnstances of correspondence: 2, 6d, 10, 14d, 15a, 16, 19a, 21a, 28c, 30a, 32a, 35, 37f, 38a, 39b, 40c, 42a, 44a, 46a, 49a, 51b, 53b, 55a, 57d, 58a, 59a, 63a, 64a, 65b, 67b, 68a, 70a, 71a, 71b, 72d, 73f, 75c, 79b, 82a, 83a, 86a, 94a, 96a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, WOb, 101, l11b, 112d, 115b. 116a, 117a, 120, 122a, 123, 129b, 131a, 132d, 133a, 138b, 139a, 141b, 142a, 143b, 145b, 146c, 147a, 150b, 152, 155a, 156e, 157k. 159a, 160a, 162f, 163a, 167a, 167c, 171c, 172a, 174, 177a, 181a, 182b, 183b, 186a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 203a, 207a, 208a, 218b, 225b, 230a, 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 248e, 251a. Tota!: 111 instances. lnstances of disagreement : 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 36, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 60, 62, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 118, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 144, 148, 149, 151, 153, 158, 161, 164, 168, 169, 170, 178, 179, 180, 185, 187, 188, 189, 192, 192A,193, 194,

YAPEN 133

197, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 232, 242, 243, 244, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 259. Total: 125 instanees.

BlAK-MOR. lnstances of correspondence: Ic, 2, 4a, 7a, 8c, 9a, 10, 15a, 16, 2Oc, 21a, 28c, 30a, 35, 36e, 38a, 4Oc, 44a, 45a, 49a, 53b, 65b, 67b, 6&, 71 b, 72d, 75c, 76a, 79b, 80b, 82a, 86a, 94a, 96a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f, 100b, 101, 112e, 116a, 120, 125b, 129b, 132a, 133a, 134b, 136f, 139a, 141b, 155a, 160a, 161a, 191a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 203 a, 208a, 232c, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 68 instanees. lnstances of disagreement :

3, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 37, 39,

41, 42, 50, 55, 57, 63, 64, 73, 74, 77, 78, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89,

131, 135, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 158,

159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 172, 177, 179, 189, 197,

199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216,

217, 218, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Total: 106 instanees. lRARUTU. 219, 220, 233, 237, lnstances of correspondence: 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 248, 249,

92,93,95, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130,
187. BlAK-Ic, 2, 7a, 10, 16, 2Oc, 21a, 28c, 30a, 31a, 35, 36e, 4Oc, 41d, 42b, 44b, 49a, 50h, 65a, 67b, 68a, 71a, 72d, 85e, 92a, %a, 97a, 101, l11b, 112b, 112e, 116a, 120, 129b, 129c, 133a. 141b. 146c, 148a, 159a, 161a, 195b, 232c, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 251a. Total: 49 instanees. lnstances of disagreement :

3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33,

37, 38, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 122, 39, 45, 57, 63, 64, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 86, 88,

124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144,

145, 147, 149, 156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 172,

177, 179, 183, 189, 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203,

204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218,

219, 220, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Tota!: 122 instanees. 225, 226, MOR. 235, 236, lnstances of correspondence: 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243.

WAROPEN - 2, 3b, 3c, 10, 13a, 15a, 16, 21a, 24e, 25b, 26a, 26c, 27a, 28c, 30a, 31a, 35, 38a,4Oc, 44a, 49a, 53b, 55e, 65b, 67b, 68a, 71b, 72d.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

75c, 76c, 79b, 82a, 84b, 86a, 87b, 88b, 93a, 94a, 96Ac, 97a, 98f. 100b, 101, 104c, 105c, 106c, 116a, 120, 127c, 12&, 129b, 129f, 132b, 133a, 134a, 136b, 139a, 139c, 141b, 146a, 148b, 155a, 160a, 164e, 179g, 183c, 191a, 195a, 196a, 2ooa, 203a, 208a, 217e, 234, 235a, 236a, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 25Oc, 251a, 252a. Total: 83 instances. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23, 29, 32, 33, 36, 37, 39,

41, 42, 45, 50, 57, 63, 64, 73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 92,

103, 111, 112, 122, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 135, 138, 140, 143,

144, 145, 147, 149, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 167, 169, 170,

172, 177, 189, 197, 201, 202, 204, 205, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213,

214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 232, 233, 248, 253, 254, 255. Tota!: 86 instanees.

WAROPEN -IRARUTU. Instances of correspondence: 2, 10, 13a, 16, 21a, 28c, 30a, 35, 4Oc, 49a, 67b, 68a, 71a, 72d, 82e, 84b, 96a, 97a, 97b, 101, 103 a, 106c, l11b, 120, 129b, 133a, 134a. 141b, 159a, 163b, 202a, 203f, 204a, 217e, 225b, 233a, 234, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a. Total: 43 instanees. Instanees of disagreement :

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29,

31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 63, 64, 65, 70,

73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96 98, 99, 100,

104, 105, 112, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136, 139,

140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162,

164, 167, 169, 172, 177, 179, 183, 189, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198,

199, 200, 201, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218,

A,

219, 220, 226, 232, 235, 236, 241, 248, 250, 253, 254, 255. Total: 116 instances.

MOR -IRARUTU. Instanees of correspondence: Ic, 2, 6c, 7a, 10, 13a, 16, 2Oc, 21a, 2&, 30a, 35, 36e, 37d, 4Oc, 49a, 63c, 67b, 68a, 72d, 84b, 89a, 96a, 97a, 101, 106c, 112e, 120, 129b, 133a, 134a, 141b, 161a, 167b, 214a, 217e, 232c, 234, 245, 246, 247, 248d, 249a, 251a, 252a, 253a, 254a, 255a. Total: 48 instanees. Instanees of disagreement : 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 57, 64, 65, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82,

SITUATION IN YAPEN 135

85,86,88,92,94,95, 96A, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 111, 122,

124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145.

146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 158, 159, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 172,

177, 179, 189, 191, 195, 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, 208,

209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 233, 235, 236,

241, 250. Total: 104 instances.

As result of the calculations. I shall give the total numbers of instances of correspondence. I have translated these totals into percentages expressing what proportion of the in stances available for comparison show correspondence. It is necessary, however, to assess the validity of these percentages. i.e. not only their relative (not absolute) value, which I mentioned above, but also their statistical value, for, the greater the number of available instances, the more c10sely the percentages represent the true situation. In this list I shall first record the totals as such, then as translated into percentages, and, thirdly, give a rough evalution of the percentages, expressed by the letters A, B, C and D in brackets af ter the percentages.

A for a total of more than 120 in stances available for comparison; B from 71 to 120 " " " " " " " C 31 70 " " " " " " " " " D 1 30 " " " " " " "

The scale from A to D thus represents a descending order of relative validity. Percentages above 0 have been rounded off to the next whole number, while those below 0 have been reduced to the whole number below. Percentages of exactly 0 have been rounded off to the nearest even number (e.g. 60 = 6, but 70 = 8).

Correspondence of WOl to: instances: 70%

Pom 70/100 (B)

Marau 26/31 (C)

Ansus 88/108 81 % (B)

Papuma 71/100 (B)

Munggui 65/100 65 % (B)

Busami 14/23 (D)

Serui-Laut 85/108 (B)

8491'0

" 71%

" 6191'0 " 7991'0

SITUATION IN YAPEN

Ambai instanees : (B)

Wadapi-Laut " (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen " (B)

Dusner " (B)

Ron " (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (B)

Waropen " (B)

Mor " (B)

Irarutu Correspondence of POM to: (B)

Woi instanees : (B)

Marau (D)

Ansus (B)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (B)

Ambai (B)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (B)

Dusner (B)

Ron (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (B)

Waropen (B)

Mor (B)

Irarutu Correspondence of MARAU to: (B)

Woi instanees : (C)

Pom (D)

Ansus (C)

Papuma (C)

Munggui (D)

75/105 71%

67/98 68%

49/100 49%

" 52/105 500/0 " 81/106 76% 32/102 31 0/0 30178 38 % 2/7 29% " 38/107 36% " 47/108 44% 37/103 36% 29/104 28%

70/100 70%

30/30 100 %

" 73/104 70% 81/104 78% " 74/99 75 % " 15/24 62% " 69/106 65 % " 61/103 59% " 58/96 60% " 44/100 44% " 44/105 42% " 66/104 63% " 30/100 30% " 31176 41 % " 217 29% " 43/106 410/0 " 45/105 43 % " 35/103 34% " 28/104 27 % "

26/31 840/0

30/30 100 %

" 24/31 77 0/0 " 29/31 94% 28/29 96% "

64% CD)

Serui-Laut (C)

Ambai (C)

Wadapi-Laut CD)

Wabo (D)

Kurudu (C)

Wandamen CC)

Dusner (D)

Ron (D)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (C)

Waropen CC)

Mor (C)

Irarutu Correspondence of ANSUS to: (C)

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (C)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai CA)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo CB)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (A)

Dusner (A)

Ron (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak CA)

Waropen (A)

Mor (A)

Irarutu Correspondence of P APUMA to: CA)

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (C)

71 0/0

77 %

76 %

630/0 52 % 65 % 380/0 52 % 0% 55 % 580/0 39 % 35 %

22/31 24/31 22/29 19/30 16/31 20/31 11/29 14/27 0/1 17/31 18/31 12/31 11/31

88/108 73/104 24/31 89/102 72/101 13/24 151/179 133/180 71/99 48/102 59/120 144/181 50/132 44/110 4/14 81/185 75/181 60/155 41/151

71/100 81/104 29/31

" " " " " " " "

" " " "

instanees :

" "

810/0 70 % 77% 87 % 71% 54 % 84% 740/0 72% 47 % 49 % 80 % 38 % 40% 29 % 44% 41 % 39 % 27%

" " " " " " " " " " "

"

instanees :

"

71% 78% 940/0

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Ansus (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (0)

Serui-Laut (B)

Ambai (B)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (B)

Dusner (B)

Ron Meoswar (B)

Biak (B)

Waropen (B)

Mor (B)

Irarutu Correspondence of MUNGGUI to: (B)

Woi (B)

Pom Marau (B)

Ansus (B)

Papuma Busami (B)

Serui-Laut (B)

Ambai (B)

W adapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (B)

Dusner (B)

Ron Meoswar (C)

Biak (B)

Waropen (B)

Mor (B)

Irarutu Correspondence of BUSAMI to: Woi (B)

89/102 instanees : 87%

80/98 82%

14/22 64%

" 76/102 75% " 67/102 66% " 64/97 66% " 43/100 43% 43/103 42% " 74/103.. 72% 32/97.. 33% 30;77 39% " 1/5 20% (0) " 37/105 35% " 44/103 43% " 36/100 36% " 25/102.. 25%

65/100 instances: 65%

74/99 75%

" 28/29 96% (0) 72/101 71% " 80/98 82% " 15/23 65% (0) " 66/101 65% " 62/99 63% " 60/97 61 % " 46/97 47 ra " 42/99 42% 68/99 69% 35/97 36% " 34/70 49% " 3;7 .. 43% (0) 43/100 43% " 49/99 49% 36/98 37% " 22/99 22% "

14/23 instanees : 61 % (0)

SITUATION IN YAPEN 139

Pom instanees : (D)

Marau (D)

Ansus (D)

Papuma (D)

Munggui (D)

Serui-Laut (D)

Ambai " (D)

Wadapi-Laut (D)

Wabo (D)

Kurudu (D)

Wandamen (D)

Dusner (D)

Ron (D)

Biak (C)

Waropen (C)

Mor (D)

Irarutu (D)

15/24 62%

9/14 64%

" 13/24 54% " 14/22 64% " 15/23 65 % " 17/28 61 % " 15/29 52% 11/19 58% " 10/23 43% " 12/22 55 ro " 17/29 59% " 8/22 36% " 7/25 28% 12/33 39% " 13/32 41 % " 8/25 32% " 6/25 24%

Correspondence of SERUI-LAUT to: 85/108 instanees : 79%

Woi (B)

Pom 65 ro (B)

Marau (C)

Ansus (A)

Papuma 75 ro (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami 61 ro (D)

Ambai 85 ro (A)

Wadapi-Laut 82 ro (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (A)

Wandamen (A)

Dusner Ron 35 ro

Meoswar Biak (D)

Waropen 43 ro (A)

Mor 39ro

Irarutu 29 ro

69/106 " 22/31 71 % 151/179 84ro " 76/102 " 66/101 65 % " 17/28 " 171/202 " 82/100 52/102 51 % " 71/131 54% 187/233 80% " 55/157 (A) " 55/139 39% (A) 4/14 29% " 103/239 43% (A) 94/221 65/166 (A) 46/160 (A) "

Correspondence of AMBAI to:

SITUATION IN YAPEN

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (C)

Ansus (A)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (A)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (A)

Wand amen (A)

Dusner (A)

Ron (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (A)

Waropen (A)

Mor (A)

Irarutu Correspondence of WADAPI-LAUT to: (A)

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (D)

Ansus (B)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (B)

Ambai (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (B)

Dusner (B)

Ron (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (B)

Waropen (B)

Mor (B)

Irarutu (B)

75/105 instanees : 71 %

61/103 59%

" 24/31 77 70 " 133/180 74% 67/102 66% " 62/99 63 % " 15/29 52 % " 171/202 85 % " 97/98 99% 47/99 47% 61/127 48% 144/200 72% " 43/140 31 % " 40/119 34% " 4/15 27% " 84/206 41 % " 83/195 43 % " 63/161 39% " 43/157 27% "

67/98 instanees : 68%

58/96 60%

22/29 76%

" 71/99 72% 64/97 66% 60/97 61 % " 11/19 58% " 82/100 82% " 97/98 99% " 44/99 44% " 48/100 48% 71/99 72% " 28/95 29% " 28/72 39% " 2/6 33 % " 38/102 37% 45/100 45% " 37/97 " 26/99 27% "

SITUATION IN YAPEN

Correspondence of W ABO to:

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau 63 ro (D)

Ansus (B)

Papuma 43 ro (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami 43 ro (D)

Serui-Laut 51 ro (B)

Ambai (B)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Kurudu 75 ro (B)

Wandamen (B)

Dusner (B)

Ron 4Oro (B)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (B)

Waropen 45 ro (B)

Mor 35 ro (B)

Irarutu (B)

49/100 44/100 19/30 48/102 43/100 46/97 10/23 52/102 47/99 44/99 75/100 49/99 29/98 29/72 217 43/102 45/101 35/99 25/100

Correspondence of KURUDU to:

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau 52 ro (C)

Ansus (B)

Papuma 42 ro (B)

Munggui 42 ro (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut 54ro (A)

Ambai (A)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo 75 ro (B)

Wandamen (A)

Dusner 30 ro (B)

Ron (B)

Meoswar 30 ro (D)

Biak 39 ro (B)

Waropen (A)

52/105 44/105 16/31 59/120 43/103 42/99 12/22 71/131 61/127 48/100 75/100 66/129 35/116 31/98 3/10 53/136 54/132

instanees :

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

49% 44%

47%

47%

47% 44%

49% 30%

29% 42%

25%

50ro 42%

49ro

55 %

48% 48%

51 %

32%

41 %

instanees :

" " "

" " " " " " " "

" " "

48/120 instances: 40% (B)

Irarutu 39/120 32% (B)

Irarutu (B)

Correspondence of WANDAMEN to:

Woi instances: (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (C)

Ansus (A)

Papuma " (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai (A)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo 4970 (B)

Kurudu (A)

Dusner 4570 (A)

Ron (A)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (A)

Waropen 5070 (A)

Mor " (A)

Irarutu Correspondence of DUSNER to: 2870 (A)

Woi instances: 3170 (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (D)

Ansus 3870

Papuma (B)

Munggui " (B)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut Ambai 3570

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu 3070 (B)

Wandamen 4570

Ron 6970

Meoswar (D)

"

81/106 76%

66/104 63 %

" 20/31 65% " 144/181 80% " 74/103 72% 68/99 69% " 17/29 59% " 187/233 80% " 144/200 72% " 71/99 72% " 49/99 " 66/129 51 % " 69/155 " 59/141 42% " 8/17 47% " 119/247 48% " 115/230 " 70/164 43% 44/160 "

32/102 30/100 30% " 11/29 38% " 50/132 (A) " 32/97 33 % " 35/97 36% 8/22 36% " 55/157 (A) " 43/140 31 % (A) " 28/95 29% " 29/98 30% " 35/116 " 69/155 (A) " 93/134 (A) " 8/8 100% "

143 SITUATION IN Y APEN

Biak (A)

Waropen (A)

Mor CA)

Irarutu (A)

65 %

34% 35 % 21 %

108/165 52/152 45/129 26/123

Correspondence of RON to:

Woi (B)

Pom CB)

Marau (D)

Ansus (B)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (C)

Busami (D)

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai CB)

Wadapi-Laut CB)

Wabo CB)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen (A)

Dusner (A)

Meoswar (D)

Biak (A)

Waropen (A)

Mor (B)

Irarutu (B)

30178 31176 14/27 44/110 30/77 34170 7/25 55/139 40/119 28172 29172 31/98 59/141 93/134 4/6 119/147 45/135 37/110 23/108

Correspondence of MEOSW AR to:

Woi (D)

Pom (D)

Marau (D)

Ansus (D)

Papuma (D)

Munggui (D)

Serui-Laut (D)

Ambai (D)

Wadapi-Laut (D)

Wabo (D)

Kurudu (D)

Wandamen (D)

Dusner (D)

217 217 0/1 4/14 1/5 317 4/14 4/15 2/6 217 3/10 8/17 8/8

instanees :

" " "

instanees :

" " " " " " " " " " "

" " " " " "

instanees :

" " " " " " " " " " " "

38% 41 % 52 % 40% 39% 49% 2870 39% 34% 39% 40% 32% 42% 69% 67% 81 % 33 % 34% 21 %

29% 29% 0% 2970 20% 43 % 29% 27% 33 % 29% 30% 47% 10070

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Ron 4/6 instanees : 67 % (D) Biak 10/17 59% (D) " Waropen 3/17 18 % (D) " Mor 3/15 20% (D) " lrarutu 2/15 13 % (D) "

Correspondence of BlAK to: 38/107 instanees :

Woi 36 70 (B)

Pom (B)

Marau

Ansus (A)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami 3970

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai (A)

Wadapi-Laut 3770 (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu 3970 (B)

Wandamen (A)

Dusner (A)

Ron (A)

Meoswar

Waropen (A)

Mor (A)

lrarutu 2970 (A)

43/H)'5 41 %

" 17/31 55 % (C) " 81/185 44% " 37/105 35 % " 43/100 43 % " 12/33 CC) " 103/239 43 % " 84/206 41 % " 38/102 " 43/102 42% " 53/136 " 119/247 48% " 108/165 65 % " 119/147 81 70 " 10/17 59% (D) " 111/236 47% " 68/174 39% " 49/171 "

Correspondence of WAROPEN to: 47/108 instanees : 44%

Woi (B)

Pom Marau 4370 (B)

Ansus (A)

Papuma (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami (C)

Serui-Laut 4370 (A)

Ambai (A)

Wadapi-Laut 4570 (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (A)

45/105 " 18/31 58 % (C) 75/181 41 % " 44/103 43 % " 49/99 49% " 13/32 41 % " 94/221 " 83/195 43% " 45/100 " 45/101 45 % " 54/132 41 % "

YAPEN 145

115/230 instanees : 50%

Wandamen (A)

Dusner (A)

Ron Meoswar 35 ro (A)

Biak 47 ro (A)

Mor (A)

Irarutu (A)

52/152 34%

" 45/135 " 3/17 18% (D) " 111/236 " 83/169 49% " 43/159 27 % "

Correspondence of MOR to: 37/103 instanees :

Woi 36 ro (B)

Pom 34 ro (B)

Marau 39 ro (C)

Ansus (A)

Papuma 36 ro (B)

Munggui (B)

Busami

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai 39 ro (A)

Wadapi-Laut (B)

Wabo (B)

Kurudu (B)

Wandamen 43 ro (A)

Dusner (A)

Ron (B)

Meoswar

Biak (A)

War open (A)

Irarutu (A)

35/103 " 12/31 60/155 39% 36/100 " 36/98 37 % 8/25 32 % (D) 65/166 39 % " 63/161 " 37/97 38 ro " 35/99 35 % " 48/120 40% " 70/164 45/129 35 % " 37/110 34% " 3/15 20% (D) " 68/174 39% " 83/169 49% " 48/152 32% "

Correspondence of IRARUTU to: 29/104 instanees : 28%

Woi (B)

Pom (B)

Marau (C)

Ansus (A)

Papuma CB)

Munggui Busami (B)

Serui-Laut (A)

Ambai 27 ro (A)

Wadapi-Laut 26 ro (B)

28/104 27%

" 11/31 35 % " 41/151 27% " 25/102 25 % " 22/99 22% " 6/25 24ro (D) " 46/160 29% " 43/157 " 26/99 " Verh. dl. XXXV

LINGUISTIC SITUATlON IN YAPEN

instances: 25%

Wabo 25/100 (B)

Kurudu 39/120 (B)

Wandamen 44/160 (A)

Dusner 26/123 21 % (A)

Ron 23/108 (B)

Meoswar 2/15 13 % (D)

Biak 49/171 (A)

Waropen 43/159 (A)

Mor 48/152 (A)

32% " 28% " " 21 ro " " 29% " 27 ro " 32% "

1 shall first examine the numerical results of the lexical comparisons of the languages outside Yapen (Wandamen, Dusner, Ron, Meoswar, Biak, Waropen, Mor and Irarutu), and then try to determine the position of the Yapen languages relative to them. It appears that the correspondence of Irarutu to other languages varies from 32 % (A) with Mor, to 21 % (A) with Dusner and 21 %

(B) with Ron. The low percentage of correspondence of Irarutu to Meoswar, 13 % (D), can probably he attributed to the small numher of instances available for comparison (15). The comparison of Irarutu with the Yapen languages also produces a somewhat monotonous picture of little correspondence, varying hetween 35 % and 22 %, with a mean of only 25 %. The only conclusions which can be drawn from these figures, are that Irarutu does not show close relationship with any of the Geelvink Bay languages under discussion, and that this language helongs to another sub-group, of which it is the sole rep re- sentative here. These conclusions agree with the geographical position of the Irarutu language area. The position of Irarutu in the Austronesian language family can he determined more precisely only af ter comparison with other languages than those examined here. Ron is most closely related to Biak (81 % (A», and these two, together with Dusner, may he said to form a group, although Dusner is slightly less closely related to Ron (69 ro (A» and Biak (65 % (A» than these two are to each other. 1 propose to call this the Biak group. Meoswar undoubtedly helongs to this group also, but 1 prefer to leave it out of consideration, because the data for it are too scant to permit of any definitive evaluation. There are not more than 30 instances available for comparison with any of the other languages. It is not so easy to fit Wandamen, Waropen and Mor into closer groupings. They should be regarded as separate groups of which, roughly speaking, Waropen occupies a central position between

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 147

Wandamen and the Biak group, and Mor is about half-way between Wandamen and Waropen. Of the Yapen languages, only the relative positions of Wabo and Kurudu are distinctive. They show a relatively high degree of mutual correspondence (75 % (B», and les ser degrees of correspondence, with only slight variations, to the other Yapen languages (an average of 48 %; anomalies should be ascribed to lack of comparative material, as, for instance, in the case of the correspondence of Wabo to Marau of 63 % (D), which is based on but 30 available instances). Correspondence of Wabo and Kurudu to languages outside Yapen is even less (an ave rage of 35 %). Only to Wandamen does Wabo, as weIl as Kurudu, show higher percentages of correspondence: 49 %

(B) and 51 % (A) respectively. On the other hand, correspondence of Wabo and of Kurudu to Wandamen is noticeably less than that of the other Yapen languages to Wandamen, which average more than 70 %. Wabo and Kurudu can therefore be said to form a distinctive group which occupies a separate position, being more closely related to Wandamen than to the other groups. I propose to call it the East-Yapen group. As for the other Yapen languages, these appear to show a considerable amount of mutual correspondence, which only in a few, less reliable cases, drops below 55 ra. Secondly, they do not show any clear subdivisions. These facts are also borne out by the comparisons of these languages with Wandamen. It clearly emerges, then, that except for Wabo and Kurudu, the Austronesian languages of Yapen form a closely interrelated group, to which Wandamen-Windesi also belongs. One is reminded of the tradition, alive among many of the people of this group, which derives their origin from the Wandamen region. It would be so easy to assert that the speakers of all these languages must therefore have come from Wandamen, but this explanation, hy itself, is too simple in the light of the linguistic data. For the Yapen group shows a varied picture of mutual disagreements, in contrast with the relatively high degree of homogeneity in the region of Wandamen. The question arises: how did the dialects of the migrants, since the time when they crossed over to Yapen, happen to diverge so much more than those of Wandamen, the 'mother country', in which, moreover, natural conditions do not favour constant or frequent contact? It is possible to suggest several hypotheses to explain these facts:

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

The tradition is not true. The people of the Yapen group came
from elsewhere, or the Wandamen people came from Yapen.

The Wandamen speaking people have only very recently, or at
any rate, long af ter the departure of the last emigrants, occupied the present Wandamen language area.

Differentiation had already hegun in Wandamen, before the
emigration, and only one homogenous group stayed hehind. (Nos. 2 and 3 may weIl he combined.)

The languages of the Yapen group developed turbulently, and
that of Wandamen in tranquillity.

S. Wandamen is not such a homogeneous language as has hitherto
been assumed, but its dialects show differences which are no less significant than those between the languages of this group in Yapen. Only further field work would enable us to decide which of these hypotheses is correct. Research into the first four lies mainly in other than linguistic fields.

RELATIONSIDPS

I have not yet mentioned sound shifts het ween the different languages. I do not intend to enter into his subject here, for the sound systems of the individual languages are as yet unknown and it is very difficult therefore to say anything positive about them. There are a few exceptions, like Waropen, whose phonology is descrihed in Held's grammar (in the chapter "Klankleer"). For this very reason, it would he superfluous to discuss the phonological rules etc. of Waropen here. Biak has also been examined from the comparative linguistic point of view, by H. Kern, in his "Over de verhouding van het Nufoorsch tot de Maleisch-Polynesische Talen" (Actes du 6' Congrès International des Orienfalistes (Leiden, 1885)). I refer therefore to the existing literature. Nothing would be more useful as regards the other languages than to examine the words themselves in the comparative list above. The on!y condusions of any degree of validity to he drawn from this material are so obvious, that any one can draw them. To give a few examples: Some of the Yapen languages, like Ambai and Serui-Laut. have an h, a glottal stop or zero, in places where the other languages have an s. Others of the Yapen group do not, or only do so in certain cases. Wandamen has an s in all such cases. Mor of ten has a glotta! stop where other languages have a consonant, which is usua!ly, though not always, a plosive (e.g. 20a, 2Oc, 28c, 128c). In Mor we aften find a t, for an s in other languages (14a. 16, 40c, 45a, 65b, etc.), and, most remarkably, the reverse is also found, namely an s for a t in re!ated languages (Ic, 12c, 127c). Kern had al ready noted the occurrence of k (g) in Biak, for t in other languages (Ic, 6a, 2&, 4Oc. 49a, etc.). Ron shows the same feature, but Dusner does not. In this respect \Varopen stands doser to Biak. It appears that similarities in phonological development do not always agree with the dassifications based on lexical material. This does not detract much from these cIassifications, for it has repeatedly been demonstrated that the spread of soundshifts does not always follow the lines of the frontiers between dialect or language groups.

VEBBAL FORMS

Special attention should, however, he paid to the morphology, for it would he worth finding out whether there is morphological evidence of further correspondences or disagreements. More important is, that the words in the comparative lists of ten contain prefixes and suffixes. These must he examined in order to determine the basic morphemes. It is well known that informants usually give verbal forms and not their stems. These observations also apply to the words for parts of the body and kinship terms in the languages examined here. A notabie feature of the verbal forms is the high degree of correspondence, both in the general occurrence, and in the form, of the prefixes. From Waropen I give only a few examples for comparisoll. For further information I refer to Held.

ano (ta eat) ra (ta go) wo (ta row)

singular

1. rano, yano rara, yara rawo, yawo

2. aghano, auano iano, iyano ara ra, ira awo wo, iwo

tplural

(inc.) kano, ikano da, ida bo, ibo (exc.) atJgano anda ambo

mano, mitJgano minda mimbo

3. kikano kira kiwo

dual

(inc.) sikano sida sibo (exc.) asia"gano asianda asiambo

misimi"gano misiminda misimimbo

3. kisikikano kisikira kisikiwo

trial

(inc.) koisokano koisoda koisobo

SITUATION IN Y APEN 151

afjgoisoafjgano afjgoisoanda afjgoisoambo

mitJgoisom( itJg )ano mifjgoisominda mitJgoisomimbo

koisokikano koisokira koisokiwo

Mor does not, apparently, have special dual forms.

to go to eat to drink to sleep to come

singular

1. tvera iwandoa igwanumi igwena idyam

2. avera dyaSavera andoa dyandoa d:yanumi aena dyena, arama dyamo

anum~

3.
id3'ena plural

1. (inc.) vera nandoa nanumi nena ram, rama

(exc.) vera :z'era na.ndoa nandoa anumt nanu111i ena nena ram, rama ram, rama

3. "l'era nandoa nanumf nena ram, ,.ama

For Kurudu I shall give data from the Kaipuri dialect, in which there is a dual form again.

to walk to sWlm to give

singular

1. ayra ayasa aysera

2. rua basa su era

3. plu ral dasa Sfera

1. (inc.) tra tasa, sesera

(exc.) nanda namasa nansera

2. minda mwsa 11Itnsera

3. dual sim SfSera

1. (inc.) tura tuasa tusera

(exc.) nunda nuasa nunsera

2. The forms of the verb munda sura muasa suasa come" which I noted, lack a dual: munsera susera

s~a

3.
"t~

SITUATION IN YAPEN

singular

srama

ruama

riama plural

1. (inc.) trama

(exc.) ndama

2. mindama

sirama I was able to record only the singular of certain verbs, induding these:

to eat to hear to see to die

singular

1. ayampi bampi damp i ayadaora wadaora idaora ayumda bumda dumda ayakomara wakomara kimara

2.
3. In Ambai a trial is found in addition to a dual. The following forms are from Menawi. In the conjugation of the verb "to walk", I have noted the divergent Ambai forms in brackets.

to walk to come to sleep to eat to drink

singular

1. sra irama sena iampi Junu

2. ira (ro) da roma roma bena dyena bampi dampi bunu dunu

plural

1. (inc.) tara tarama tatena tatampi tatunu

(exc.) amera amerama ametena ametampi ametunu

mera merama metena metampi metunu

3. ara erama etena etampi etunu

dual

(inc.) tura turama turena turampi turunu (exc.) aura aurama aurena aurampi aurunu

2.
3. trial
1. (ioc.) (exc.)
2.
3. No trial form forms:

to go to come

siogular

1. wraua iaramantu

2. rua1J ria1j ruama lama

plural

(inc.)

(exc.) amera amerama

2. meraua yerawampa meraua erama

(exc.)
3. as weIl. siogular
1.
2.
3. plural

1. (ioc.) tandama

(exc.) antanda

2. mintandama

3.
YAPEN 153

mura murama murena murampi murunu

ura urama urena urampi urunu

tora torama torena torampi torunu

antora antorama antorena antorampi antorunu

m';Jntora m';Jntorama m';Jntorena m';Jnto-tn';Jntorunll

(muntora) rampi itora itorama itorena itorampi itorunu

IS found 10 Serui-Laut. I recorded the followiog

taraua taraua amera amerama

erama ruama rwma

endama

It should, of course be ooted th at oot ooly do irregularities occur amoog these forms, but that they quite probably cootaio mistakes

For Papuma I give the verb "to come" :

YAPEN

In Pom, again, only the singular and plu ral forms are found:

to come to go to weep

singular

1. itara ira ivori

2. tuara tiara rua vuori viori

na plu ral

(inc.) tantara tanda tambori (exc.) antantara antanda antambori

mintantara mintanda mintambori

3. tintara tinda timbori

For Woi I noted only one form for the first person plural in the verb "to come". The most likely explanation is that this is an exclusive form; an inclusive form could not he got out of the informants.

singular

rama

ruama

riama plural

1. mandama

2. mendama

3. hendama

I shall give a few examples from the Windesi dialect of Wandamen, based on van Balen's "Windesische Verhalen". Here we find a complete dual again.

to stand to row to go

singular

1. yosa ibo tra

2. buosa diosa buo bio rua ria

3.

YAPEN 155

plural

(inc.) tantosa tanbo tanda (exc.) amantosa amambo amanda

2. mentosa menbo menda

3. sentosa senbo senda

duaI

(inc.) tunrosa tunbo tunda (exc.) amunrosa amunbo amunda

2. munrosa munbo munda

3. sunrosa sunbo sunda

Cowan, in his "Notes on Windesi grammar", remarked very rightly that in the third person plural of the verb, a distinction is made between inanimate and animate subjects, a distinction which is also found in the pronouns. Kijne had also observed and described this feature in his Spraakkunst, which has not yet been published. Thus there is the form senda, as noted above, for "they go", referring to living beings, while sim is used for inanimate objects. For tbe purpose of comparison with other languages, I shall give here the verb "to eat", as recorded by Cowan:

singular

yan

buan

dian plural

1. (inc.) ta(n)tan

(exc.) ama(n)tan me(n)tan

3. (living) se(n)tan

(inanimate ) sian

dual

1. (inc.) tu(n)ran

(exc.) amu(n)ran mu(n)ran

3. su(n)ran

2.

SITUATION IN YAPEN

For Irarutu one example, the verb "to walk", will suffice. These forms again demonstrate the separateness of this language.

singular

1. afa

2. oba

3. plural ifa

1. (inc.) tfa

(exc.) amfa

2. ba

3. nfa

The Biak group, however, is more important for comparative purposes. The only available data are from Biak itself. Here follow a few examples from the Sorido dialect. I t should be noted th at the different Biak-Numfor dialects are very similar in their verbal forms.

to eat to drink to sleep to come to go away singular

yanan yinem yenef yarama yabur

2. wanan 1Vtnem wenef rwama wabur

danan dinem denef frama ibur plural

(inc.) kanan kinem kenef komma kobur (exc.) tJganan tJgtnem tJgenef tJgorama tJgobur

2. mganan mgtnem mgenef mgorama mgobur

sanan sinem senef srama sibur dual

(inc.) kuyanan kuyinem kuyenef kurama kubur (exc.) nuyanan nuymem nuyenef nurama nubur

2. muyanan muytnem muyenef murama mubur

suyanan suyinem suyenef surama subur

ELEMENTS FOB INDICATING PERSONAL POSSESSION

OF THE PARTS OF TIIE BODY

Many of the languages under discussion have systems, which are usually obligatory, for indicating the owner of parts of the body, which are different from the systems used to indicate possession of other objects, as, for instance, a house. That is to say that one never, or virtually never, speaks about eyes, but always about his eyes, my eyes, etc. The criterion seems to be the alienability of the object, for there also exist special systems, usually of a third type, with regard to certain kinship terms. A number of Melanesian languages have far more extensive systems for c1assifying nouns on the basis of indications of possession. In the Geelvink Bay languages these systems are much Ie ss extensive and of ten even defective, which conveys the impression that they either never fully developed, or are in a state of decline and are mere survivals. In these systems suffixes, prefixes, and even combinations of prefixes and suffixes, are found, sometimes in a wonderful confusion, within one language. For Waropen I shall give only one example and refer to Held's Grammatica for further information. In Waropen prefixes are used which correspond to those of the verbal farms. These examples are from the Waropen-Kai dialect, with divergent forms from the Napan dialect in brackets.

efjgea (efjga), leg

singular

1. plural refjgea aefjgea iefjgea (ycfjga) (awefJga) (iyCfjga)

1. (inc.) kCfjgea (ikefjga)

(exc.) afJgefjgea

2.
3.
2. mifjgefjga
3. kikefjgea

SITUATION IN Y APEN

siket'jgea asiafjget}gea etc.

For the Biak group I shall give a few examples from Numfor, based on van Hasselt's data. The system appears to he rather defective in the Biak dialects. In contrast with Waropen we find suffixes here.

your abdomen snembri your nose snombri

his abdomen sneri his nose snon

our abdomens ko snesna our noses ko snosna

your abdomens mgo snemba your noses mgo snomna

their abdomens s, snesna their noses si snosna

For Mor I give the forms I recorded for the word for hand. It should he noted that the same forms are used for the dual as for the plural. The system here seems to he based exclusively on suffixes.

singular

varea'a

vareamu

3. varea, varearo

plural

(inc.) vareata (exc.) vareama

vareamu

vareati Kurudu has a system based on prefixes. I shall give here the word for hand in the Kaipuri dialect. The suffixed element*-pe* seems to denote definiteness. singular

aywekampe

mewekampe

newekampe

In Porn, a cornbination of prefixes and suffixes is found. I give the word for hand again.

singular

1.
2.
3. plu ral
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3. Ansus: singular
1.
2.
3. plural
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3.
SITUATION IN Y APEN 159

tawekampe namekampe miwekampe siwekampe

tuwekampe numbekampe muwekampe suwekampe

warani waramu waranani

tambarami waran mindambarami timbarami

varau varampi nevarampai

tambaraminekuira amavaramine membaramipakuira embaramiwanekuira

I recorded the following, curious collection of farms for "hand" In

Serui-Laut has separate terms for denoting possession, in addition

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

to a (defective) series suffixes. I give the word for hand and a compound, which contains this word, meaning finger-nail.

hand finger-nail

singular plu ral nou waratj waram, waramu ne wara waratj-kea waram-kea waratj-kea

1. (inc.) tane waratj waram-kea

(exc.) amene wara mene wara ene waratj waram-kea waram-kea waratj-kea

1.
2.
3.
2.
3. Papuma has a system with both prefixes and suffixes. Only the singular was recorded for the word for hand.

my hand warau

your hand waramu

his (her) hand waranempae

foot singular

aeu

aemu

aempae plural

1. (inc.) tasaemu

(exc.) antasaemu

mintasaemu

esaemu In Ambai both prefixes and suffixes are found. The forms for the word for hand are as follows: singular

warahu

2.
3. plural
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3. dual
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3. trial
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3.
LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN Y APEN 161

waramu wara, warampi

tawa,.ami amewa,.ami mewarami ema,.ami

tuwa,.ami auwarami muwa,.ami uwa,.ami

towarami antowarami mantowarami itowarami

vara, hand, are found:

(ine)vara (nemu )va,.a nJevara

tambarami amambarami membarami sembarami

tumbarami amumbarami mumbarami sumbarami

singular

1.
2.
3. plural
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3. dual
1. (inc.) (exc.)
2.
3. In Wandamen the following fOrIns of
Verh. dl. XXXV

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

Irarutu has no separate dual forms. We find the following forms for the word for hand, fra:

singular

1. yafrage

oframe

ifra

plural

1. (inc.) itfrage

(exc.) amfrage

2.
3.
2. eframe
3. irfra In addition to prefixes, the first and second persons have suffixes which are identical in the singular and plu ral.

ELEMENTS ro INDICATE POSSESSION WlTH BEGARD

TO KINSHIP TEEMS

An explanation of the systems with relation to kinship terms would be superfluous af ter my observations on those regarding the parts of the body. I shall only give paradigms of the forms of words for father and mother, which are also the most irregular ones in many of the languages. Of ten with the first person a word is used that is altogether different from the word used with the other persons. That is why quite a few pairs of words were recorded in the comparative word-list (nos. 67 and 68).

For Biak I have grouped words from different dialects in one para- digm. These forms apply only to owners in the singular.

father mother

1. k(a)mami, mami k(a)mami wawi, awini, inani, neni snami

kmari

The following Ambai forms singular: father also apply only to owners In the mother

1. For Serui-Laut, forms were recorded applying to owners In the singular as weil as in the plural. singular day tamamuay tamana father ay inamuay inana mother

1. nou dai nou ai

2.
3. man
2.
3.

YAPEN

nemu dai nemu m

nedai (tamam) ne ai (inam)

tane dai (babafu) tane ai

amene dai (tamant) amene ai

menedai (babafu) mene ai (inamut)

enedai (babafu) ene ai (inat)

For Papuma and Pom, farms we re recorded for "father", applying to owners in the singular as weil as in the plural.

Papuma Pom

singular

1. intae tat

2. plural tamamui tamani tamamui tamani

1. (inc.) tantamam fantamani

(exc.) entamam

2. mintentamam minantamam

3. entamama tintamami

3.
For Wand amen I have taken farms from different lists, and thus also from different dialects, as I did for Biak, in order to give a systematic view of the different farms. By this method I was able to complete the list of the words for father more fully than that of the words for mother.

father mother

singular

1. ayai mai, awini

2. tamamui sinyamui

3. plural tamani sinyani

1. (inc.) ta(n)tamami tasinyami

(exc.) amantamami

2. mentamami

3. sentamami

TUE LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN 165

tuntamami amuntamami muntamami suntamami

For Irarutu I can only give the fonns applying to owners in the singular.

father mother

adie adena

odie odena

idie idena

1.
2.
3. In Waropen, as we learn from Held, the system for indicating personal possession of parts of the body is the same as that applying to kinship terms. In the paradigms below, I list different forms for the words for father and mother, because they are irregular. The main list is from the Kai dialect, with the N apan dialect variants in brackets.

father mother

singular

1. daidai minai

2. plural aghai (awm) lmm aghinai (awinas) inai

1. (inc.) mami (imams) nami (inamz)

(exc.) amam. anam.

2. m.mams kimami mJnamJ kinami

3.
3. dual

1. (inc.) szmamJ sznamJ

(exc.) asiamami asianami

2. misimimami misiminami

3. kisikimami kisikinami

The only possible conclusion emerging from a comparative study

LINGUISTIC SITUATION IN YAPEN

of these grammatical details, is that the instances of disagreement are more significant than those of correspondence, in spite of the frequent recurrence of identical forms. This is true even in those languages which we were able to signify as being c10sely related on the grounds of their high percentages of instances of correspondence in their vocabularies. These disagreements are found in the very forms of the morphological elements as weU as in the systems to which they belong. In any case, the results of the morphological comparisons give no cause to doubt those of the analysis of the vocabulary. These results cannot but corroborate the view that languages tend to show greater conservatism in their vocabularies than in their morphological systems and forms. This view is not new; examples can he found in the so much better known Indo-European languages as, for instance, in the Germanic and Romance languages. In New Guinea a similar situation can apparently also be found.

i· .......
, ~ y~~Ri.it -_
, YEN~IO ...........
"c::/I ' ' ..., .............. ...

.. ' F" ............ .. ..............

. "........ ... ......1 _----·
"',,.~, ' ..... , ... ~ ......

\,' '~A .... '....... D ................. ...

\ \ .......... ... ...... ........

......,

\ """, ............
, ,............ .. .......
\ I', ~ .. ---------,-------------,--- \ I I I, I ',., I
\ ........ .... I--..-.-....
" \ "".. SEREWENI .. I
**\ .... ,,-----_____ 1**
\ I \ I .,..,11,

,~---______----- ----------- --- --- --- - -- -----r~.~ I

SAMIIARAWAIj ____ I '--......... ~....-
\

, .----------. ,• I

\I,I

,• AI1I1.lIDIRU, L

I \ • MAMBON II \I, I \o \I I I

, .... .... ...., "S",UWAI I

1.

\ ~,~~~---""7' :-------,-------.

, ",~ I "p, KERENUI I I • .,PURI I

I " SUHIIER8A~,, ~'
~ ..... --

, ~~,~~ : ' "-----N---,,'---------... 1 : J _________

K~NMT['N-U.~~" _______ ! :

I L KURUDU.

I |MAk"'.!!. vAPAH .... "-ao AI ... I • I

S'Iii!ïi":I - , I I

11

I SARAWANDORI L "ft. I KOROMSOII I I • KURUDU. I

®"' ...... ....:' I .I1ANTfHBÜ--~' WAPAP'-LAUT ' P'

(w ~" \' I I I,
\ kA11P~N&~~--J......... \ d ~ API~PAAAT I------., I I· I
, _ l TAR~U-L~ 1~'!r'.J ........ I,
\ mUI:':t-1~r'~Rt~":'~ (\~o';::Wo";,pi'fl'-----, I. A .......... ~-- ----- --- -- ----
\, U', RONDE';'VAiliiÄl I V I ~""""I \ ' __ L-~~~--__ j :, ~ ~--------------------------------------, "\K I ' ~• 0.

, I \, ', LANGUAGE MAP \ I \ I " I

Nau and Miosnum

\ \ ' ,of Yapen, Kurudu,,, ",I, \ IKey (see also chapter 3. pp. 5-13): \, ', A-Woi J-Busami

", ' I

\ ,K • Serui-laut B-Biak " I

l- ..\',

C-Aibondeni Yava

M-Ambai

E-Marau F-Ansus N-Wadapi-laut

G-Papuma H-Munggui - P-Kurudu

-Dialect boundary Scale: 1

\ \ I

,D- Pom

\,,,, I

0-Wabo

\ ' \ ;:3AU \, \ I ,-.-'--, language boundary

375.000

1. Ambai (6500)		6. Marau	(1200)	11. Munggui	(650)
2. Yava	(4500)	7. Kurudu	(1100)	12. Busami	(350)
3. Ansus (3600)				13. Aibondeni	(150)
4. Pom	(1700)		( 900)	14. Wadapi-Laut (150)
5. Woi	(1300)	10. Papuma	( 700)

1, 3, 4,	5, 8, 12,	13, 14, 20,	21, 24,	26, 27, 28,	29, 31,	33, 36,
37, 38, 39,	40, 45, 50,	57, 64,	72, 73, 74,	88, 89,	92, 93,	94, 98,
103, 104,	127, 128,	129, 134,	135, 136,	140, 141,	144, 156,	157,
158, 201,	202, 203,	209, 211,	212, 213,	214, 216,	217, 219,	232,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 7,	9, 14, 21,	24, 25, 28,	29, 33, 36,	37, 38,	39, 40,
57, 64, 65,	72, 73,	74, 88, 89,	92, 93,	94, 98, 104,	127, 128,	129,
135, 140,	143, 144,	156, 157,	197, 201,	203, 209,	210, 211,	212,
213, 214,	215, 216,	219, 242,	250, 253,	254, 255,	257, 258,	259.

1, 4, 5,	6, 8, 12,	20, 21, 24,	25, 28.	29, 32, 33,	36. 38,	39, 40,
42, 45, 50,	57, 63,	65, 72, 73,	74, 88,	92. 93,	94, 98, 103,	104,
127, 128,	129, 135,	140, 141,	143, 144,	145, 156,	158, 197,	202,
203, 209,	210, 211,	212, 213,	214, 215,	216, 217,	219, 232,	233,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 7,	9, 14, 21,	24, 25, 28,	29, 33, 36,	37, 40,	45, 57,
64, 65, 72,	73, 74,	88, 89, 92,	93, 94,	98, 104, 127,	128, 129,	135,
136, 140,	141, 144,	156, 157,	159, 197,	201, 203,	209, 210,	211,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 8,	9, 12, 14,	15, 20, 21,	24, 25, 27,	28, 31,	32, 33,
36, 37,	38, 39, 40,	42, 44, 45,	50, 57, 63,	72, 73,	74, 88,	94, 104,
127, 129,	135, 136,	139, 141,	143, 144,	145, 156,	157, 159,	197,
200, 201,	203, 208,	209, 210,	211, 212,	213, 215,	216, 217,	219,
220, 232, 251. Total: 76 instances. MARAU-ANSUS.	235, 236,	237, 238, Instances of correspondence:	239, 240,	241, 242,	248, 249,	250

146,	151, 153,	154, 156,	157, 158,	159, 162,	164, 165,	169, 189,
192, 192	194,	201, 202,	203, 209,	210, 211,	212, 213,	214, 215,
216, 254, 255, 259. Total: 104 instanees. 68. ANSUS-WAR OPEN. 2, 3b, 8a, 10, 12b, 13a, 15a, 16, 19a, 20a, 21a, 26a, 27a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 35, 38a, 42a, 44a, 45b, sOa, 63a, 67b, 68a, 71 b, 78a, 83a, 84b, 96a, 97a, 101, l06a, 107, 116a, 1I7a, 120, 122a, 132b, 133a, 134a, 139a, 145b, 146a, 147a, 152, 153b, 155a, 158a, 163a, 172a, 174, 191a, 192a, 192 233a, 234, 235a, 236a, 237, 238, 241a, 245, 246, 247, 249a, 251a, 252a. Total: 7S instanees. Instanees of disagreement :	217, 218,	219, 232, a, 195a, 196a, 200a, 201c, 208a, 217a, 232a,	239, 240, Instanees of correspondence:	242, 248,	249, 250,	252, 253,
1, 4, 64, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, BO, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112,	5, 6, 7,	9, 11,	14, 23, 24,	25, 28, 29,	33, 36, 37,	39, 40, 57,
113,	114, 118,	124, 125,	126, 127,	128, 129,	130, 135,	136, 140,
141,	143, 144,	148, 149,	150, 151,	156, 157,	159, 161,	162, 164,
169,	178, 183,	184, 194,	197, 202,	203, 209,	210, 211,	212, 213,
214, 258,259. Tota!: 104 instanees. 69. ANSUS-MOR.	215, 216,	218, 219, Instanees of correspondence:	242, 248,	250, 253,	254, 255,	256, 257,

50,	57, 63, 65,	72, 73, 74,	75, 77,	78, 79, 80,	82, 83,	85, 86, 87,
88, 92, 93, 94, 95, %A, 98, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 122,
124,	125, 127,	128, 129,	130, 135,	136, 140,	141, 143,	144, 145,
147,	148, 149,	156, 158,	159, 161,	162, 163,	164, 165,	169, 172,
189, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 9S instanees. ANSUS-IRARUTU.	197, 202,	203, 209,	210, 211, Instanees of correspondence:	212, 213,	216, 217,	218, 219,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 8,	9, 12, 14,	15, 19, 20,	23, 24, 25,	27, 28,	31, 32,
33, 36, 76, 82, 85, 86, 88, 93, 94, 95, %A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104,	37, 38, 39,	40, 42, 44,	45, 50, 57,	63, 71,	72, 73,	74, 75,
105, 106,	122, 124,	125, 126,	127, 130,	135, 136,	139, 141,	143,
144, 145,	146, 147,	149, 156,	157, 158,	159, 161,	162, 163,	164,
165, 169,	172, 183,	189, 191,	195, 196,	197, 200,	201, 202,	203,
208, 209, 236, 237, 238, 241, 242, 248, 250. Total: 110 instanees.	210, 211,	212, 213, Instanees of eorrespondenee:	215, 216,	217, 218,	219, 232,	235,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 8,	12, 14, 15,	20, 21, 24,	25, 27, 28,	31, 32,	33, 36,
37, 38,	39, 40, 42,	44, 45, 50,	57, 63, 72,	73, 74,	88, 93,	94, 98,
103, 104,	127, 129,	135, 136,	139, 141,	144, 145,	156, 157,	158,
159, 197,	200, 201,	202, 203,	208, 209,	210, 211,	212, 213,	215,
216, 217, 250, 251. TotaI: 77 instanees. MUNGGUI -	219, 220, BUSAMI.	232, 235, Instanees of eorrespondenee:	236, 237,	238, 241,	242, 248,	249,

1, 3,	5, 8, 12,	13, 14, 20,	24, 25, 26,	27, 28, 30,	31, 32,	33, 36,
37, 39, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, %A, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106,	40, 43, 45,	48, 50, 52,	57, 61,	64, 66, 68,	72, 73,	74, 83,
113, 117,	121, 127,	128, 129,	133, 135,	136, 139,	140, 141,	143,
146, 153,	154, 155,	156, 157,	158, 159,	160, 162,	164, 167,	168,
180, 186,	187, 188,	196, 199,	201, 202,	203, 205,	209, 210,	211,
212, 213, Total: 102 instances.	214, 215,	216, 217, Instanees of correspondenee:	219, 228,	232, 233,	242, 243,	250.

136,	137,	138,	140,	141,	143,	144,	148,	149,	151,	153,	155,	156,
157,	159,	160,	162,	164,	168,	169,	171,	177,	178,	179,	182,	183,
185,	187,	188,	189,	193,	194,	197,	201,	203,	205,	209,	210,	211,
212,	213,	214,	215,	216,	218,	219,	220,	221,	222,	224,	226,	229,

1, 5, 6,	8, 12, 19,	20, 23,	24, 25, 28,	29, 32, 33,	36, 39,	40, 42,
45, 50, 55, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 112, 122,	57, 63,	65, 71, 72,	73, 74, 75,	77, 78,	79, 82,	83, 85,
124, 125,	127, 128,	130, 131,	135, 136,	138, 140,	141, 143,	144,
145, 148,	149, 155,	156, 158,	159, 160,	162, 163,	164, 165,	167,
169, 172,	177, 179,	189, 197,	199, 202,	203, 204,	205, 209,	211,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 8,	9, 12, 14,	15, 20, 23,	24, 25, 27,	28, 31,	32, 33,
36, 37, 38, 76, 77, 82, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104.	39, 40,	41, 42, 44,	45, 50, 57,	63, 70,	72, 73,	74, 75,
105, 106,	111, 112,	122, 124,	125, 126,	127, 130,	135, 136,	139,
141, 143,	144, 145,	146, 149,	156, 157,	158, 159,	162, 163,	164,
165, 167,	169, 172,	177, 179,	183, 191,	195, 196,	197, 198,	199,
200, 201,	203, 206,	208, 209,	210, 212,	213, 215,	216, 217,	218,

1, 3, 5,	8, 12, 13,	14, 18,	20, 22, 23,	25, 26, 28,	29, 31,	33, 36,
37, 39, 40, 78, 80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 96	41, 45,	47, 48, 50,	51, 52,	57, 62, 72, 98, 102, 103, 104, 105,	73, 74,	75, 77,
106, 108,	109, 114,	115, 117,	118, 119,	124, 127,	128, 130,	132,
134, 135,	136, 137,	140, 141,	143, 146,	151, 153,	154, 156,	157,
158, 159,	162, 164,	165, 169,	170, 180,	187, 188,	189, 192,	192
197, 198,	199, 202,	203, 204,	209, 210,	211, 212,	213, 214,	216,
217, 218,	219, 220,	222, 228,	232, 239,	240, 242,	243, 248,	249,

113,	114, 115,	117, 118,	124, 125,	126, 127,	128, 130,	135, 136,
137,	140, 141,	144, 148,	149, 151,	153, 156,	157, 159,	161, 162,
164,	169, 178,	183, 187,	188, 189,	197, 198,	201, 203,	204, 209,
210, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259. Tota}: 112 instanees. AM BAl - 2, 3e, 4a, 7a, 9a, 10, 13a, 14a, 15a, 16, 21a, 25b, 26a, 30a, 31a,	211, 212, MOR.	213, 214, Instanees of eorrespondenee:	215, 216,	218, 219,	220, 222,	242, 248,
35, 38a,	41a,	44a, 49a,	53b, 64b,	67b, 68a,	76a, 82a,	86a,

1, 5,	6, 8,	12, 19, 20,	22, 23, 24,	28, 29, 32,	33, 36,	37, 39, 40,
42, 45, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94,95, 96A, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 122, 124,	50, 57,	63, 65, 72,	73, 74,	75, 77, 78,	79, 80, 83,	84, 85,
125,	127, 128,	130, 135,	136, 140,	141, 143,	144, 145,	147, 148,
149,	156, 159,	162, 163,	164, 165,	167, 169,	170, 172,	177, 189,
197, 219, 220, 232, 233, 237, 238, 242, 248, 250. Tota}: 98 instanees. AM BAl -	199, 202,	203, 204,	209, 211, Instanees of eorrespondenee:	212, 213,	215, 216,	217, 218.

32, 33, 36,	37, 38,	39, 40, 41,	42, 44, 45,	50, 57,	63, 72,	73, 74,
76, 77, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96A, 98, 99, 102, 103,
104, 105,	106, 122,	124, 125,	126, 127,	130, 135,	136, 139,	141,
143, 144,	145, 146,	147, 149,	156, 157,	158, 159,	162, 163,	164,
165, 167,	169, 172,	177, 183,	191, 195,	196, 198,	199, 200,	201,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 8,	9, 12, 14,	15, 20, 21,	24, 25, 27,	28, 31,	32, 33,
36, 37, 38,	39, 40,	42, 44, 45,	50, 57, 63,	72, 73,	74, 88,	92, 93,
94, 98,	103, 104,	127, 129,	135, 136,	139, 141,	143, 144,	145,
156, 157,	158, 200,	201, 203,	208, 209,	210, 211,	212, 213,	215,

1, 3,	5, 8, 13,	14, 19, 20,	21, 23, 24,	25, 26, 27,	28, 29,	31, 33,
36, 37,	39, 40, 41,	47, 48, 49,	50, 52,	57, 62, 72,	73, 74,	84, 88,
89, 92,	93, 98,	103, 104,	124, 127, 134,	135, 136,	139, 140,	144,
145, 146,	156. 158,	162, 163,	164, 197,	201, 202,	206, 210,	211,
212, 213, 243, 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255. Total: 83 instances. KURUDU-WAROPEN.	215, 216,	217, 219,	220, 232, Instances of correspondence:	237, 238,	239, 240,	242,

IN TIIE IS"ANDS OF YAPEN,

KVIIVDV, NAV ...fND ItIIOSNVItI. NEW GVIN.A

R H AN DE LIN GEN

VAN HET KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR

TAAL·, LAND· EN VOLKENKUNDE

DEEL 35

THE LINGUISTIC SITUA.TION

IN THE ISLANDS OF YAPEN, KURUDU,

NAU AND MIOSNUM, NEW GUINEA

J. C. ANCEAUX

l. Introduction 1

2. The Sourees 3

3. The Language Map. 6

5. 80

6. 149

.. ....

~~ .......

____ 4:2_,

',----------------------- ~

~~ ~~....

Geelvink Boy

Indicated are the areas

of the languages used

INTRODUu.nON

matical notes of the dialect of Kurudu vil-

lage; for the Kaipuri dialect, a 100 List,

to a 100 List of the Wadapi-Darat dialect,

from a mantri of the anti-malaria service.

LANGUAGE MAP

o. Wabo. This language is also called Nusari. It is spoken by more

8. Serui-Laut (1000)

9. Wabo

COMPARATIVE WORD-UST

2. EAR

3. MOUTH

5. TOOTH

6. TONGUE

11. SOLE (FOOT), PALM (HAND)

13. KNEE

14. BUTTOCKS

16. WOMAN'S BREAST

18. LIVER

f. Mor: hareta.

f. Waropen : sira; Wandamen : ser, sera.

37. TO SIT

f. Biak: kain; Waropen : oaino.

38. TO STAND

39. TO FLY

f. Waropen: kipai.

41. TO LAUGH

42. TO WALK

43. TO RUN

57. TO GIVE

f. Irarutu: mage.

70. FRIEND

d. Biak: min.

72. BIRD

74. EGG

f. Biak: roman, rumun; Dusner: rumun.

f. Irarutu: bav g. Wandamen : manipopi; Dusner: manipopi; Meoswar: manpiop. h. Waropen : wayakomu, wayakombu.

j. Mor: karimamo'a.

f. Biak: raprap; Irarutu: pramaro.

j. Waropen : nifeni.

k. Waropen : rewori.

f. Munggui: apokake.

f. Dusner: weter.

104. SEED

108. PANDANUS

b. Biak: jar.

130. MUD

131. LAND (as opposed to sea)

132. SEA

133. ISLAND

1. Mor: era.

j. Ron: betes.

140. MOON

f. Biak: atarua.

f. Dusner: womu.

J. Waropen: dora.

145. WIND

....

f. Irarutu: bav
g. Wandamen : manipopi; Dusner: manipopi; Meoswar: manpiop.
h. Waropen : wayakomu, wayakombu.

1, 4,	5, 6, 7,	9, 12, 14,	17, 18, 19,	20, 21, 23,	24, 25,	28, 29,
31, 33,	36, 37, 39,	40, 41, 45,	49, 50, 52,	57, 62,	65, 72,	73, 74,
89, 92,	98, 99,	104, 124,	127, 128, 132,	135, 136,	139, 140,	143,
144, 145,	146, 156,	157, 158,	162, 164,	197, 201,	202, 203,	207,
209, 210, 253, 254, 255. Total: 78 instanees.	211, 213,	214, 215, Instanees of eorrespondenee:	216, 219,	220, 232,	242, 248,	250,

1, 5, 6,	8, 12, 14,	19, 20, 21,	23, 24,	25, 28, 29,	31, 32,	36, 39,
40, 41, 42,	49, 50,	55, 57, 63,	64, 65,	72, 73,	74, 92, 98,	103,
104, 124,	127, 128,	135, 136,	139, 140,	143, 144,	145, 146,	156,
158, 159,	162, 163,	164, 197,	202, 203,	206, 209,	210, 211,	212,

1, 3,	4, 6, 8, 9,	12, 14, 15,	19, 20, 21,	23, 24, 27,	28, 31,	32, 33,
36, 38,	39, 40, 41,	42, 44, 45,	49, 50, 57,	63, 64,	71, 72,	73, 74,
88, 92,	93, 94,	98, 99, 104,	124, 127,	135, 136,	139, 143,	144,
145, 146,	156, 157,	158, 162,	164, 197,	200, 201,	202, 203,	208,
209, 210, 236, 241, 242, 248, 250. Tota!: 81 instances. WANDAMEN-DUSNER.	211, 212,	213, 214,	215, 216, Instances of correspondence:	217, 219,	220, 232,	235,

1, 3, 5,	8, 12, 13,	14, 20, 24,	25, 26,	27, 28, 30,	31, 32,	33, 36,
37, 39, 40, 89, 91, 94, 96", 98, 99, 105, 106, 113, 121, 127, 128, 129, 133,	43, 48, 50,	52, 57,	61, 62, 64,	66, 72,	84, 85,	86, 88,
135, 136,	139, 140,	141, 144,	146, 147,	153, 154,	155, 156,	158,
162, 164,	167, 168,	180, 186,	187, 188,	196, 197,	201, 202,	209,

1, 3, 5,	12, 24, 25,	30, 31,	32, 36, 37,	43, 48, 52,	57, 61,	62, 66,
72, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 96A, 98, 99, 105, 106, 111, 113, 117,
121, 128,	129, 132,	133, 135,	136, 139,	141, 144,	146, 147,	153,
154, 155,	156, 158,	159, 162,	164, 167,	168, 180,	187, 188,	196,
197, 199,	201, 202,	206, 210,	214, 217,	220, 223,	228, 229,	232,

1, 3, 5,	8, 12, 13,	14, 20,	22, 23, 24,	25, 26, 27,	28, 31,	33, 36,
37, 39, 40, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96A, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106,	41, 43,	47, 48, 50,	52, 53, 57,	61, 62,	66, 72,	73, 75,
108, 109,	111, 113,	115, 117,	118, 121,	127, 128,	129, 130,	132,
134, 135,	136, 137,	140, 141,	144, 146,	148, 150,	153, 154,	155,
156, 157, 188, 189, 192, 192	158, 159, 193, 194, 197, 198, 199, 202, 204, 206, 210,	162, 164,	165, 168,	169, 170,	171, 180,	187,
212, 213,	214, 215,	216, 217,	218, 221,	223, 224,	227, 229,	232,

1, 3, 4,	5, 6, 7,	8, 9, 12,	13, 18, 20,	24, 25, 26,	27, 30,	31, 32,
33, 36, 37,	43, 45,	48, 50, 52,	62, 64, 65,	67, 73,	74, 84,	85, 86,
88, 89,	91, 92,	94, 99, 103,	104, 105,	106, 111,	113, 118,	125,
126, 127,	129, 133,	135, 136,	138, 139,	140, 141,	143, 144,	149,
153, 156,	157, 158,	159, 162,	164, 167,	168, 171,	178, 180,	185,
186, 187,	188, 196,	197, 201,	202, 205,	209, 210,	211, 212,	213,

3, 5, 6,	8, 12, 13,	14, 20, 24,	25, 26, 27,	31, 32, 33,	36, 37, 39,
42, 50, 57,	63, 64, 65,	67, 68,	71, 73, 74,	83, 84, 85,	86, 88, 89,
92, 93,	94, 103, 104,	105, 106,	127, 129,	133, 135, 136,	138, 139,
140, 141,	143, 144,	145, 146,	147, 149,	156, 158, 159,	162, 163,

3, 5,	6, 8,	12, 24, 25,	29, 31, 32,	33, 37, 57,	63, 64,	67, 68, 71,
73,83,	84,85,88,89,93,	105, 106,	111,	129, 133,	135, 138,	139,
140,	141, 144,	145, 146,	147, 149,	156, 158,	159, 162,	163, 164,
172,	196, 197,	199, 202,	205, 206,	209, 210,	211, 213,	214, 217,
219, 255. Tota!: 73 instanees. RON -	220, 232, IRARUTU.	237, 238, Instanee of correspondence:	239, 240,	242, 243,	250, 252,	253, 254,

3, 4, 5,	6, 8, 12,	15, 24,	29, 30, 32,	33, 37, 44,	45, 57,	63, 64,
67, 68, 73, 84, 86, 88, 89, 93, 96A, 98, 99,105,106,111,126,128,
133, 135,	136, 139,	141, 144,	145, 147,	149, 156,	158, 162,	163,
164, 172,	191, 196,	197, 199,	200, 201,	202, 203,	206, 208,	209,
210, 211,	213, 214,	215, 216,	217, 219,	226, 232,	233, 235,	236,